This research focuses on the spiritual care experiences of patients and families at a hospital in Australia. Twenty-four patients and 10 family members were interviewed. Results indicate the importance of relatedness: being treated as a person, reminded of your capabilities and conversations about what matters. Maintaining contact with friends and family, sustaining religious and spiritual practices, music therapy and pet therapy were also significant and contact with the natural world and shared activities. The results indicate the importance of spirituality offered through pastoral care, and that all those involved in health care can contribute to the spiritually nurturing environment that reinforces healing.
People's risky decisions are susceptible to the social context in which they take place. Across three experiments using different paradigms, we investigated the influence of three social factors upon participants' decisions: the recipient of the decision-making outcome (self, other, or joint), the nature of the relationship with the other agent (friend, stranger, or teammate), and the type of information that participants received about others' preferences: none at all, general information about how previous participants had decided, or information about a specific partner's preference. We found that participants' decisions about risk did not differ according to whether the outcome at stake was their own, another agent's, or a joint outcome, nor according to the type of information available. Participants did, however, adjust their preferences for risky options in light of social information. 相似文献
Animal Cognition - How much nonhuman animals understand about seeing has been the focus of comparative cognition research for decades. Many social primates (and other species) are sensitive to cues... 相似文献
Animal Cognition - Theory and empirical findings predict that individuals in a negative affective state are more sensitive to unexpected reward loss and less sensitive to unexpected reward gain... 相似文献
In 3 studies, the authors tested the predictors of income satisfaction, examining whether discrepanc between the things people have and the things they desire predict satisfaction. Study 1 manipulated the desirability of items that can be purchased with participants' income, and showed that their satisfaction with that income depended on the desirability of these items. Study 2 demonstrated that whether people's income enabled them to purchase the things they desired influenced their satisfaction with income. Study 3 found that the effect of comparisons with a person's past on income satisfaction is completely mediated by one's desires; and the effect of social comparison on income satisfaction is partially mediated by desires. Thus, desires play a pivotal role in determining people's satisfaction with income. 相似文献
A sample of 222 undergraduates was screened for high happiness using multiple confirming assessment filters. We compared the upper 10% of consistently very happy people with average and very unhappy people. The very happy people were highly social, and had stronger romantic and other social relationships than less happy groups. They were more extraverted, more agreeable, and less neurotic, and scored lower on several psychopathology scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Compared with the less happy groups, the happiest respondents did not exercise significantly more, participate in religious activities significantly more, or experience more objectively defined good events. No variable was sufficient for happiness, but good social relations were necessary. Members of the happiest group experienced positive, but not ecstatic, feelings most of the time, and they reported occasional negative moods. This suggests that very happy people do have a functioning emotion system that can react appropriately to life events. 相似文献
The authors examine the implications of research on Chinese for theories of reading and propose the lexical constituency model as a general framework for word reading across writing systems. Word identities are defined by 3 interlinked constituents (orthographic, phonological, and semantic). The implemented model simulates the time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic priming effects, including immediate graphic facilitation followed by graphic inhibition with simultaneous phonological facilitation, a pattern unique to the Chinese writing system. Pseudocharacter primes produced only facilitation, supporting the model's assumption that lexical thresholds determine phonological and semantic, but not graphic, effects. More generally, both universal reading processes and writing system constraints exist. Although phonology is universal, its activation process depends on how the writing system structures graphic units. 相似文献
Diener and Diener (1996; Psychological Science 7: 181–185) suggested that most people are happy, and offered support for this
claim from surveys in industrialized societies. We extend their findings to include people who lead materially simple lives
and live in cultures far removed from those of typical survey respondents. We found that the Kenyan Maasai, the United States
Amish, and the Greenlandic Inughuit, all reported positive levels of life satisfaction, domain satisfaction, and affect balance
(more frequent positive emotions than negative ones). Across satisfaction and affect measures, including methods in addition
to global self-reports, our 358 respondents from these cultures were one average, positive on all 54 scales, and significantly
above neutral on 53 of them. Across all measures and samples 84% of participants scored above neutral. However, nobody was
perfectly happy and satisfied, and the groups reported unique configurations of satisfaction and affect. Although all three
groups were high in satisfaction with so cial domains, the Amish reported lower satisfaction with self-related domains, and
the Maasai and Inughuit were relatively lower in satisfaction with material domains. All three groups reported frequent positive
emotions, but only the Maasai reported frequent feelings of pride. Thus, the fact that most people tend to be moderately happy
does not mean that they are ecstatic, or that there is no variation across cultures in happiness. 相似文献
This qualitative study examined eleven Vietnamese refugees' self-reported experiences of discrimination in urban schools in British Columbia, Canada. The students reported experiencing or witnessing racial conflict, harassment, and unfair treatment. The boys reported experiencing more racism than did the girls. However, most of the students felt confident that racism would not present insurmountable obstacles for them in the future. 相似文献