Public good provision under environmental and social uncertainty

Social dilemmas face people with various kinds of uncertainty. To extend earlier research on environmental uncertainty in resource dilemmas (i.e. uncertainty about the resource size), the present experiment examines the effects of Environmental Uncertainty (low, high uncertainty about the provision point) and Social Uncertainty (low, high uncertainty about others' cooperation) in a public goods dilemma. In line with Social Comparison Theory, it was predicted and found that Environmental Uncertainty decreases cooperation only under High Social Uncertainty, but not under Low Social Uncertainty. The detrimental effects of Environmental Uncertainty can be counteracted by uncertainty reducing information on the provision point and/or on others' contributions as well. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Relationship Between Perceived In‐Group Variability,Number of Contacts,and Identification1

In a field setting, we explored how the perceived variability of in‐groups is related to in‐group contacts and identification. Results from a mail questionnaire showed that up to 20 in‐group contacts, the number of in‐group contacts was positively related to in‐group identification, and both variables appeared to be negatively related to perceived in‐group variability. It is concluded that these results are more consistent with a social identity explanation of variability perceptions than with the familiarity explanation found for out‐group variability estimates.     

Resources and alternatives in coalition formation: The effects on payoff,self‐serving behaviour,and bargaining length

A consistent finding in coalition research is that the payoff of coalition members is related to (a) the resources they contribute to the coalition, and to (b) the number of alternative coalitions they can form. These two factors are, however, often intertwined. A greater number of resources tends to go hand in hand with a greater number of alternatives, leaving unanswered how both factors affect coalition behaviour. This paper attempts to clarify the interplay of resources and alternatives by disentangling the two in a newly developed coalition paradigm. Results indicated that participants base their payoff allocation on both resources and alternatives, but suggest that self‐serving behaviour is more related to alternatives. Furthermore, resources and alternatives had a distinct effect on the bargaining process. It was shown that differences in alternatives led to longer bargaining. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

哥德尔的一阶逻辑完全性证明的原始版本

哥德尔的一阶逻辑完全性定理（1929）是数理逻辑的基石。当代的逻辑学学生学习数理逻辑时大都直接接触Henkin（1949）的改良证法,该法简明扼要,并将原证法的“关于可数语言的限制”扩展至“任意基数的语言”。本文用改进的当代逻辑学术语简要重述了哥德尔的一阶逻辑完全性定理的原始证明,这一证明在很大程度上已经为人所遗忘。作者并择要指出原证明中未声明地使用了Konig引理（1926）。     

EVALUATION OF A MULTICOMPONENT INTERVENTION FOR DIURNAL BRUXISM IN A YOUNG CHILD WITH AUTISM

Bruxism, forceful grinding of one's teeth together, can produce destructive outcomes such as wear on the teeth and damaged gums and bone structures. The current study implemented a multicomponent intervention that consisted of vocal and physical cues to decrease rates of bruxism. A partial component analysis suggested that the vocal cue was only effective at decreasing levels of bruxism when paired with a simultaneous physical cue.     

Equity and individual preferences in an MDG

Before participating in an Maximizing Difference Game (MDG) subjects were classified with the help of a social motive test (GDG, Liebrand, 1984) as having a cooperative, an individualistic or a Competitive preference for own/other outcome distributions. Thereafter subjects did make choices in an MDG. A status (high, equal, low, no feedback) × matrix (advantage: 8/6, disadvantage 6/81) × preference (competitive, individualistic, cooperative)-design was employed, whereas one control condition, i.e. equal statuslmatrix equal (616) was added. Equity theory could explain the data rather well. Support was found for the status hypothesis, i.e. high status subjects made more D-choices in an MDG than equal status subjects; equal status subjects made more D-choices than low status subjects, and for the matrix hypothesis, i.e. matrix disadvantage subjects made more D-choices than subjects playing in a matrix advantage position. Equity theory could also explain a significant status × matrix interaction effect. Support was partly found for a preference hypothesis: Competitors made more D-choices than cooperatives, while contrary to the hypothesis, individualists behaved more like competitors.     

Social psychological research in The Netherlands, 1980-1988

This paper contains an investigation about research of Dutch social psychologists. Based on reported publications two types of analyses were performed. The reported publications were categorized by means of a topic-inventory proposed by Fisch and Daniel (1982), which enabled us to compare Dutch trends with developments in Europe and the U. S.A. Moreover, by means of bibliometric analyses publications of Dutch social psychologists were related to data obtained by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Several trends were observed and discussed.     

Prototypicality of arguments and conformity to ingroup norms

Social categorization is claimed to elicit a tendency to conform to ingroup norms, which may result in attitude change after exposure to information on the opinions of other ingroup members. It was hypothesized that the degree to which arguments represented ingroup norms, i.e., were prototypical, would affect their potential influence on attitudes, such that prototypical arguments would be perceived as being of higher quality and would elicit more attitude change. Moreover, prototypical arguments were expected to elicit more argument elaboration. Two experiments were designed to test these predictions. In Experiment 1 subjects were exposed to both a set of pro and a set of contra arguments, while one of the sets was allegedly prototypical of ingroup attitudes. In Experiment 2 subjects were exposed to either prototypical or a-prototypical pro or contra arguments allegedly originating from in- or outgroup. In both studies conformity to ingroup norms was observed. In addition, prototypical ingroup arguments elicited higher quality ratings in the first study. Indications of higher elaboration of prototypical ingroup arguments were found.     

Eye movements as a window into real-time spoken language comprehension in natural contexts

When listeners follow spoken instructions to manipulate real objects, their eye movements to the objects are closely time locked to the referring words. We review five experiments showing that this time-locked characteristic of eye movements provides a detailed profile of the processes that underlie real-time spoken language comprehension. Together, the first four experiments showed that listerners immediately integrated lexical, sublexical, and prosodic information in the spoken input with information from the visual context to reduce the set of referents to the intended one. The fifth experiment demonstrated that a visual referential context affected the initial structuring of the linguistic input, eliminating even strong syntactic preferences that result in clear garden paths when the referential context is introduced linguistically. We argue that context affected the earliest moments of language processing because it was highly accessible and relevant to the behavioral goals of the listener.We thank D. Ballard and M. Hayhoe for the use of their laboratory (National Resource Laboratory for the Study of Brain and Behavior). We also thank J. Pelz for his assistance in learning how to use the equipment and K. Kobashi for assisting in the data collection. Finally, we thank Janet Nicol and an anonymous reviewer for their comments and suggestions. The research was supported by NIH resource grant 1-P41-RR09283; NIH HD27206 (M.K.T.); an NSF graduate fellowship (M.J.S.-K.); and a Canadian SSHRC fellowship (J.C.S.).