幼儿对人称代词的理解

本研究调查了二岁半至五岁半的儿童理解人称代词‘我’,‘你’,‘他’的指称意义的发展情况。要求被试在不同语言情境下辨别说话者所讲的‘我’,‘你’,‘他’所指的是谁。共有两项实验。实验Ⅰ,被试作为其他三人交谈时的旁观者;实验Ⅱ,被试本人参加三人交谈,并分别担任受话者和第三者的角色。结果表明:(1)二岁半到四岁半的幼儿对人称代词指称意义的理解水平随年龄增长而提高,四岁半和五岁半之间无显著差异;(2)幼儿对三个人称代词的理解水平是‘我’最高,‘你’次之,‘他’最低;(3)幼儿在理解人称代词的指称意义时,还不能灵活地随着语言环境的变化而转换参照点。     

Biotech 101: An Educational Outreach Program in Genetics and Biotechnology

Recent advances in research and biotechnology are making genetics and genomics increasingly relevant to the lives and health of the general public. For the public to make informed healthcare and public policy decisions relating to genetic information, there is a need for increased genetic literacy. Biotech 101 is a free, short-course for the local community introducing participants to topics in genetics, genomics, and biotechnology, created at the HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Biotech 101 in increasing the genetic literacy of program participants through pre-and-post surveys. Genetic literacy was measured through increases in self-perceived knowledge for each content area covered through the course and the self-reported impact the course had on various aspects of participants' lives. Three hundred ninety-two individuals attended Biotech 101 during the first three course offerings. Participants reported a significant increase in self-perceived knowledge for each content area (p?相似文献   

Insomniacs' perceived lack of control over sleep

Abstract

It is widely assumed that insomniacs have poor self-efficacy for sleep and it is known that successful treatment is usually accompanied by improved self-efficacy. However, there has been little detailed investigation of insomniacs perceived lack of control over sleep. Insomniacs' perceived control over sleep itself is affected more than their perceived control over pre-sleep mental activity or physical tension. It was hypothesised that insomniacs would diverge from controls more in their sense that sleep was out of their control than that sleep was under their control, though this was not supported by the data. Also, there was no clear support for the idea that insomniacs' dissatisfaction with their control over sleep was the product of excessive aspirations for control. One factor that seems likely to contribute to insomniacs' lack of perceived control over sleep is that they do not have as lawful a pattern of expectations of sleep, based on their recent pattern of sleep, as normal sleepers do. Insomniacs, like non-insomniacs, were most likely to attribute poor sleep to external stresses and an over-active mind. Insomniacs showed a wide range of heightened emotional reactions to poor sleep. The implications of the results for self-regulation approaches to the treatment of insomnia are discussed.     

On being happy and gullible: Mood effects on skepticism and the detection of deception

Are we more likely to believe or disbelieve another person depending on our mood state? Based on past research on interpersonal communication and recent work on affect and social cognition, we predicted and found that negative mood increased and positive mood decreased people’s skepticism and their ability to detect deception, consistent with the more externally focused, accommodative processing style promoted by negative affect. After a mood induction using positive, neutral or negative films, participants viewed deceptive or truthful interviews with individuals who denied committing a theft. Judgments of the targets’ guilt and their truthfulness were collected. As predicted, negative mood increased judges’ skepticism towards the targets, and improved their accuracy in detecting deceptive communications, while judges in a positive mood were more trusting and gullible. The relevance of these findings for everyday judgments of trust and the detection of deception are considered, and their implications for recent affect-cognition theories are discussed.     

Traditional facial tattoos disrupt face recognition processes

Factors that are important to successful face recognition, such as features, configuration, and pigmentation/reflectance, are all subject to change when a face has been engraved with ink markings. Here we show that the application of facial tattoos, in the form of spiral patterns (typically associated with the Maori tradition of a Moko), disrupts face recognition to a similar extent as face inversion, with recognition accuracy little better than chance performance (2AFC). These results indicate that facial tattoos can severely disrupt our ability to recognise a face that previously did not have the pattern.     

范畴异同判断中大脑两半球功能不对称性的实验研究

本实验利用汉字单词和图片为刺激材料,要求被试判断同时呈现在左视野和中央视野或右视野与中央视野的二个刺激是否属同一范畴,对范畴异同判断中大脑两半球功能不对称性进行研究。实验结果表明:(1)对汉字单词的处理为大脑左半球占优势,对图片材料的处理为大脑右半球占优势;(2)判断方式(异判断和同判断)在左半球和右半球之间未显示出不对称性。     

影响学生道德行为的两个因素的实验研究

本实验对学校情境中教师的榜样作用和学生同伴之间的相互作用进行了比较。结果表明:在小学低年级,学生对榜样的模仿和对同伴团体的从众都比较普遍;在小学高年级,榜样的作用下降了,而对同伴团体的从众倾向在高中以前一直很明显。因此,学校道德教育应根据学生的发展特点,在不同时期采取相应的有效措施。     

对研究形式运算的“组合系统”和INRC群的方法论探讨

根据皮亚杰的认知发展阶段论,形式思维作为一种不同于具体运算的思维方式,在青少年和成人中是普遍存在的。皮亚杰认为,“形式思维的一般特征—它超出与经验事实直接有关的转换的框架之上,并且从属于一个假设-演绎运算,即关于可能的运算的系统”。实质上,这个系统是由形式运算构成的一种机能性的运转结构。它的运转是动态