文化背景与医疗行为:一个少数民族社区中的新型农村合作医疗

现有对民族社区新型农作合作医疗（以下简称新农合）的研究相对较少,同时在研究中忽略了在其独特民族文化背景下对于疾病与医疗的不同认知,这一认知影响了人们的医疗观念和医疗行为,也直接影响了人们对新农合的态度和行为。医学人类学关注文化与疾病、医疗的关系,以云南省福贡县赤恒底傈僳族社区新农合的田野调查为例,应用医学人类学的视角和社区研究方法对其进行研究,以期获得新的认识和理解。     

On being happy and gullible: Mood effects on skepticism and the detection of deception

Are we more likely to believe or disbelieve another person depending on our mood state? Based on past research on interpersonal communication and recent work on affect and social cognition, we predicted and found that negative mood increased and positive mood decreased people’s skepticism and their ability to detect deception, consistent with the more externally focused, accommodative processing style promoted by negative affect. After a mood induction using positive, neutral or negative films, participants viewed deceptive or truthful interviews with individuals who denied committing a theft. Judgments of the targets’ guilt and their truthfulness were collected. As predicted, negative mood increased judges’ skepticism towards the targets, and improved their accuracy in detecting deceptive communications, while judges in a positive mood were more trusting and gullible. The relevance of these findings for everyday judgments of trust and the detection of deception are considered, and their implications for recent affect-cognition theories are discussed.     

Explaining Differences in Subjective Well‐Being Across 33 Nations Using Multilevel Models: Universal Personality,Cultural Relativity,and National Income

This multinational study simultaneously tested three prominent hypotheses—universal disposition, cultural relativity, and livability—that explained differences in subjective well‐being across nations. We performed multilevel structural equation modeling to examine the hypothesized relationships at both individual and cultural levels in 33 nations. Participants were 6,753 university students (2,215 men; 4,403 women; 135 did not specify), and the average age of the entire sample was 20.97 years (SD = 2.39). Both individual‐ and cultural‐level analyses supported the universal disposition and cultural relativity hypotheses by revealing significant associations of subjective well‐being with Extraversion, Neuroticism, and independent self‐construal. In addition, interdependent self‐construal was positively related to life satisfaction at the individual level only, whereas aggregated negative affect was positively linked with aggregate levels of Extraversion and interdependent self‐construal at the cultural level only. Consistent with the livability hypothesis, gross national income (GNI) was related to aggregate levels of negative affect and life satisfaction. There was also a quadratic relationship between GNI and aggregated positive affect. Our findings reveal that universal disposition, cultural self‐construal, and national income can elucidate differences in subjective well‐being, but the multilevel analyses advance the literature by yielding new findings that cannot be identified in studies using individual‐level analyses alone.     

Traditional facial tattoos disrupt face recognition processes

Factors that are important to successful face recognition, such as features, configuration, and pigmentation/reflectance, are all subject to change when a face has been engraved with ink markings. Here we show that the application of facial tattoos, in the form of spiral patterns (typically associated with the Maori tradition of a Moko), disrupts face recognition to a similar extent as face inversion, with recognition accuracy little better than chance performance (2AFC). These results indicate that facial tattoos can severely disrupt our ability to recognise a face that previously did not have the pattern.     

范畴异同判断中大脑两半球功能不对称性的实验研究

本实验利用汉字单词和图片为刺激材料,要求被试判断同时呈现在左视野和中央视野或右视野与中央视野的二个刺激是否属同一范畴,对范畴异同判断中大脑两半球功能不对称性进行研究。实验结果表明:(1)对汉字单词的处理为大脑左半球占优势,对图片材料的处理为大脑右半球占优势;(2)判断方式(异判断和同判断)在左半球和右半球之间未显示出不对称性。     

影响学生道德行为的两个因素的实验研究

本实验对学校情境中教师的榜样作用和学生同伴之间的相互作用进行了比较。结果表明:在小学低年级,学生对榜样的模仿和对同伴团体的从众都比较普遍;在小学高年级,榜样的作用下降了,而对同伴团体的从众倾向在高中以前一直很明显。因此,学校道德教育应根据学生的发展特点,在不同时期采取相应的有效措施。     

对研究形式运算的“组合系统”和INRC群的方法论探讨

根据皮亚杰的认知发展阶段论,形式思维作为一种不同于具体运算的思维方式,在青少年和成人中是普遍存在的。皮亚杰认为,“形式思维的一般特征—它超出与经验事实直接有关的转换的框架之上,并且从属于一个假设-演绎运算,即关于可能的运算的系统”。实质上,这个系统是由形式运算构成的一种机能性的运转结构。它的运转是动态     

书法负荷对儿童大脑的激活效应的实验研究

该研究以儿童为被试探讨了书法负荷和非书法负荷(书写、计算、英文书写)前后反应时的变化情况,结果发现,(1)书法负荷后反应时明显缩短;(2)书写负荷后反应时的变化与书法负荷后相同;(3)计算负荷和英文书写负荷后未见反应时有明显缩短。