The On-line Study of Sentence Comprehension: An Examination of Dual Task Paradigms

This paper presents three studies which examine the susceptibility of sentence comprehension to intrusion by extra-sentential probe words in two on-line dual-task techniques commonly used to study sentence processing: the cross-modal lexical priming paradigm and the unimodal all-visual lexical priming paradigm. It provides both a general review and a direct empirical examination of the effects of task-demand in the on-line study of sentence comprehension. In all three studies, sentential materials were presented to participants together with a target probe word which constituted either a better or a worse continuation of the sentence at a point at which it was presented. Materials were identical for all three studies. The manner of presentation of the sentence materials was, however, manipulated; presentation was either visual, auditory (normal rate) or auditory (slow rate). The results demonstrate that a technique in which a visual target probe interrupts ongoing sentence processing (such as occurs in unimodal visual presentation and in very slow auditory sentence presentation) encourages the integration of the probe word into the on-going sentence. Thus, when using such ‘sentence interrupting’ techniques, additional care to equate probes is necessary. Importantly, however, the results provide strong evidence that the standard use of fluent cross-modality sentence investigation methods are immune from such external probe word intrusions into ongoing sentence processing and are thus accurately reflect underlying comprehension processes.     

Emotion Regulation and the Specific Associations with Health Anxiety

This study investigated two primary research aims surrounding health anxiety: (a) to examine what differences exist in emotion regulation strategies of health anxious and non-health anxious populations and (b) to investigate what emotion regulation strategies predict health anxiety, before and after controlling for trait cognitive and somatic anxiety. A total of 95 participants of the general population completed a series of online questionnaires. A single factor between groups MANOVA revealed that a health anxious group scored significantly higher in several emotion regulation strategies: distraction, external attribution, emotion expression and acting out; anxiety-related variables: trait cognitive and somatic anxiety; and beliefs about the negative consequences of becoming ill. Hierarchical regressions showed that several emotion regulation strategies were significantly associated with higher levels of health anxiety, before: distraction, external attribution, capitalising, positive reappraisal and emotional expression; and after: external attribution and capitalising, the control of trait anxiety. Overall, the results demonstrated that (a) emotional intelligence and behavioural attempts to understand emotional experiences may be associated with specific health anxiety symptomology, while a lack of effective cognitive strategies and worry may be responsible for the associated trait anxiety dimensions.     

对保乳手术及预防性乳腺切除术的思考

鉴于对乳腺癌是全身性疾病的认识,为提高术后生存质量,目前乳腺癌治疗中保乳手术日益受到重视.而为了阻断高危险性的乳腺向乳腺癌发展,预防性乳房切除术也正在被患者接受.保留乳腺与预防性切除乳腺的医学实践反映了目前人们对乳腺癌的深层认识,值得深入思考.     

Transpersonal Psychology: Defining the Past,Divining the Future

Retrospective analysis of definitions published over some 35 years suggests the major subject areas of the field can be summed up in three themes: beyond-ego psychology, integrative/holistic psychology, and psychology of transformation. Theme frequency analysis reveals that early emphasis on alternative states of consciousness has moderated into a broader approach to human transcendence, wholeness, and transformation. This expanded definition of transpersonal psychology suggests the field has much in common with integral psychology. As a comprehensive, historically based content summary, this tripartite definition contributes a small but vital piece to the foundation of a transpersonal vision that is spreading across the globe. While transpersonal psychology still needs to embody the inclusiveness and diversity that it represents, its vision is one of great relevance to the contemporary human condition.     

差异政治:超越自由主义与社群主义正义之争——I.M.杨的政治哲学研究

在当代西方政治伦理论域中,尽管自由主义和社群主义正义论辩激烈且影响广泛,但在差异政治的主将艾里斯·杨看来,仍不足以应对现代社会多样性的支配与压迫的非正义境况,无论是自由主义的中立性理想还是社群主义的共同体理想都不同程度地培育了对差异的否认,并进而造成了对某些群体和个体的非正义,因而,为削弱"自我发展和自我决定的制度化限制",杨以结构性社群和间接关系为根基尝试性发展了一种差异政治的正义构想.在明同别异的前提下开展差异政治、自由主义与社群主义的多边互动,既为彼此取益,更为深化对马克思主义哲学的当代理解.     

WAIS digit span-based indicators of malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: classification accuracy in traumatic brain injury

The present study determined specificity and sensitivity to malingered neurocognitive dysfunction (MND) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) for several Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Digit Span scores. TBI patients (n = 344) were categorized into one of five groups: no incentive, incentive only, suspect, probable MND, and definite MND. Performance of 1,063 nonincentive patients (e.g., cerebrovascular accident, memory disorder) was also examined. Digit Span scores included reliable digit span, maximum span forward both trials correct, maximum span forward, combined maximum forward and backward span, Digit Span scaled score, maximum span backward both trials correct, and maximum span backward. In TBI, sensitivity to MND ranged from 15% to greater than 30% at specificities of 92% to 98%. Patient groups with documented brain pathology had higher false-positive error rates. These results replicate previous known-groups malingering studies and provide valuable data supporting the WAIS Digit Span scores in detection and diagnosis of malingering.     

公共卫生的责任主体缺位是众多医学伦理问题产生的根源

我国的卫生、医疗服务系统近年来产生了大量严重的伦理问题,引起了国内外广泛的关注.通过对大量材料的归类、分析,找出我国众多严重伦理问题产生的主要根源是公共卫生责任主体的缺位.解决的主要措施是:加快卫生母法的建立;政府对"公共性"卫生服务责任到位,扭转卫生工作严重的市场化和趋利化倾向;彻底改变医疗费用的"后付制"和"第三方付费制",实行政府正向投入;改变当前在疾病预防和初级卫生保健投入方面过于细化的分级财政体制;制止药品广告和虚假的医疗广告;加大控制政府公立医院建设的成本和降低医院运行费用的工作,严格收费价格纪律等.     

医疗卫生产业组织研究与卫生政策

产业组织理论是经济学的重要分支之一,卫生经济的发展需要借鉴它的手段和方法,需要研究医疗卫生产业组织的相关问题.农村新型合作医疗的建立和发展,城市医疗卫生服务体系的再造,都离不开医疗卫生产业组织研究.市场,特别是非完全竞争的医疗服务市场,它的市场结构、市场主体行为和市场绩效之间内在的本质联系,是卫生政策能够发生应有效力的作用点.     

树立急救白金1O分钟理念,提高社区猝死抢救成功率

探讨建立社区急救体系提高猝死抢救成功率,比较国际与我国的急救现状、分析建立社区急救体系的保障因素、建立大众与社区急救流程、分析"急救白金十分钟"抢救的时效性规律.提出建立社区以家庭为个体急救单位、单元有志愿者、大楼设置救护小组、社区内建立自救站的大众急救网络;在其中组织多层面的大众急救宣传的培训;设置醒目的急救器械;设置社区内的急救流程.社区医院的建设需要政府的大力支持,要努力提高急救人员素质、建立长期培训和准入制度、高危人群筛查、建立对讲呼叫通讯网络、配备急足够的急救器材.最终建立和达到社会范畴的"急救白金十分钟"的时效性理想.