A SEX COMPARISON OF FACTORS RELATED TO SUCCESS IN NAVAL HOSPITAL CORPS SCHOOL1

Background information, Comrey Personality Scale scores, and a standard Navy aptitude test score were obtained on 600 Navy enlisted men and 600 Navy enlisted women prior to beginning Naval Hospital Corps School training. A comparison of the men and women indicated that the sexes differed on a number of background and personality dimensions. A double-split cross-validation design with multiple regression was then employed in the development of a test battery for predicting school completion. Results indicated that the men were more predictable than the women with cross-validities on the order of .53 for men and .41 for women. For the total sample, cross-validities were approximately .47. An empirical comparison of the utility of these equations for screening candidates for paramedical training suggested that the use of separate equations with the sexes would not produce results which were substantially different from use of the single equation developed on both sexes combined.     

ORGANIZATIONAL FRUSTRATION: A MODEL AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

A model that describes the effects of frustration on individual behavior in organizations is presented. Included is a discussion of the definitional problems with the frustration construct as well as a brief overview of laboratory research. This research is used to develop a model of organizational frustration and its behavioral effects, including increased and decreased job performance, organizational aggression (e.g., sabotage, strikes, work slowdowns, and stealing), absenteeism and turnover. Supporting evidence is supplied by the few studies which have investigated frustration in field and simulated organizational settings. Finally, frustration is shown to provide an alternative explanation to the effects of job dissatisfaction, inequity and participation in organizational change.     

OUTLIER DETECTION AND TREATMENT IN I/O PSYCHOLOGY: A SURVEY OF RESEARCHER BELIEFS AND AN EMPIRICAL ILLUSTRATION

Extreme data points, or outliers, can have a disproportionate influence on the conclusions drawn from a set of bivariate correlational data. This paper addresses two aspects of outlier detection. The results of a survey regarding how published researchers prefer to deal with outliers are presented, and a set of 183 test validity studies is examined to document the effects of different approaches to the detection and exclusion of outliers on effect size measures. The study indicates that: (a) there is disagreement among researchers as to the appropriateness of deleting data points from a study; (b) researchers report greater use of visual examination of data than of numeric diagnostic techniques for detecting outliers; and (c) while outlier removal influenced effect size measures in individual studies, outlying data points were not found to be a substantial source of variance in a large test validity data set.     

Managing Demands on Counseling Services: The Colorado State University Experience

As we move into the next decade, greater student demands for counseling services, increased severity of presenting problems, and long waiting lists are becoming a reality at university and college counseling centers. These trends, coupled with limited financial resources, suggest that new models of case management and treatment are needed to maintain quality services. This article describes the development of a time-limited and managed-care treatment policy at the University Counseling Center at Colorado State University. It is offered as one agency's attempt to become more proactive in defining its responsibilities and limits regarding emerging challenges and changes on college campuses.     

Multiculturalism as a Generic Approach to Counseling

According to a broad definition of culture, the multicultural perspective applies to all counseling relationships. According to this broad definition, multiculturalism may be described as a “fourth force” in counseling from its own theoretical perspective. The broad definition of culture is discussed and applied to the field of counseling. The advantages of defining culture broadly and of understanding multiculturalism as a generic approach to counseling are discussed and supported along with the consequences of alternative perspectives. La perspectiva multicultural se aplica a todas las relaciones consejeriales según una definición amplia de cultura. De esta manera el multi-culturalismo, desde su propia perspectiva, se puede describir coma “la cuarta fuerza” en la consejería. Se trata de la definición amplia de cultura y se aplica esta definición al campo deconsejería. Se discuten las ventajas de definir cultura de esa manera y de entender el multiculturalismo como una vía genérica a la consejería junto con las consecuencias de perspectivas alternativas.     

On the difficulty of distinguishing “good” and “poor” perceivers: A social relations analysis of empathic accuracy data

Two studies were conducted to explore the reasons why replicable individual‐difference correlates of empathic accuracy have proved so difficult to find. In Study 1, we examined sources of variance in empathic accuracy data using the Social Relations Model (Kenny, 1988, 1994; Kenny & Albright, 1987; Malloy & Kenny, 1986). The results revealed substantial perceiver variance only in the type of research design in which a relatively large set of individual perceivers inferred the thoughts and feelings of the same set of target persons. In Study 2, we found evidence that even in this apparently optimal type of research design, the significant individual‐difference correlates of empathic accuracy were fewer and subject to more unexpected qualifications than the results of Davis and Kraus's (1997) meta‐analysis would suggest. So far, the “best candidate” predictor of empathic accuracy appears to be verbal intelligence, but it remains to be seen whether it and two other recently proposed predictors of interpersonal accuracy will survive the test of replicability.     

Movement in social orientations: a commentary on Kelley

After reviewing some classic contributions to the truly social social–psychological literature (Lewin, Horney, Festinger), this commentary outlines how and why Kelley's analysis extends and complements more traditional approaches to interdependence. Three strengths are emphasized, suggesting that Kelley's analysis (a) offers a much-needed situation-based taxonomy for different social orientations and interpersonal phenomena, (b) serves the ecological validity of social orientations, and (c) potentially helps us understand why classical dimensions of person judgment include not only goodness versus badness, but also movement-related orientations such as dominance versus submission, strength versus weakness, or activity versus passivity. Kelley's analysis can be extended by developing further domain-specific theory and methodology for examining the temporal and sequential aspects of social orientations, and by applying a means–end analysis to differing social orientations identified in Kelley's analysis. Finally, following Chuck McClintock (1972), it is argued that the field should reserve the concept of social value orientation to define allocational preferences relevant to valuing outcomes for self and others. This basic orientation should meaningfully ‘drive’ the ways in which we approach interdependent others, solve interdependence problems, and utilize interdependence opportunities. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Residential crowding experience scale—assessment and validation

The present study was designed to construct and revalidate the Crowding Experience Scale and to investigate its predictive validity. Factor analysis results suggest that perceived crowding is comprised of four components, labelled as spaciousness, positive relationships, negative relationships, and uncontrolled disturbance. The factor-derived perceived crowding subscales showed unique relationships with the outcome variables related to health, well-being, and residential satisfaction. The results provide some indication that perceived crowding mediates the relationship between objective crowding and the dependent measures. The implications of the project are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.