解释学与自然科学:导论

２０世纪欧洲大陆思想发展过程中一直有一种最为怪癖的现象,就是对自然科学缺乏研究。的确,科学文献似乎否认哲学有超乎生活经验的立足点,并力求以这种方式采取一种客观陈述的姿态。分析的科学哲学采取了这种表面上有价值的姿态,并且以文化和历史要素相结合为代价而得以发展。分析的科学哲学家们把他们的工作看作是使自然科学的方法形式化,他们的兴趣不是专注于文化的、历史的和个人的因素能够成为决定因素的发现过程以及其他领域。然而,科学的知识也像一切知识一样,涉及对某人揭示（诉说）某事。科学探讨意义,这些意义就是体现在语…     

人类同等性和文化多样性

全人类有什么普遍之处？怎样把他们区别开？在考察这两个问题时,可以根据类型分成三个阶段：柏拉图式的论述、浪漫主义的对比法和当代的综合,最后是在当今的人类生物学和语言学中被推进和发展了的假说。一、柏拉图式的论述柏拉图式的论述中经常被引证的章句,不是见于柏拉图而是他的学生亚里士多德的著作中。在一本早期的小册子《论解释》的开头这样写道：全人类的书写标记是不相同的,他们的有声语言也是不相同的。但它们首先都是灵魂的情感符号,在这一点上全都是一样的;这些情感具有的事物相似性也是相同的。这说明人们所关心的都是相…     

人文因素与技术:事实、人造物及其解释

一、有关技术的传统概念技术不过是人的劳作而已。它既是一种人为的事物也是一种人为的发明过程,其目的是由人制定的,从而也是由人所贯彻的。这就是从古至今技术的哲学人类学背景：从柏拉图的《普罗泰戈拉篇》到卡普（Kapp）和该伦（Gehlen）。他们都将技术说成是必然,因为人是一种有缺陷的生灵,而且他们对技术目的也都是在这样的标题下进行讨论,如加强、延伸以及替代我们可怜的人类器官或肢体,为的是生存竞争或改善我们的境况。但是,这种对技术的传统理解过于狭窄了,因为它没有涵盖这些东西,如教堂的建造、金字塔和庙宇,这些东…     

Psychosocial correlates of contraceptive practices during late adolescence

This article reviews the literature on psychosocial correlates of contraceptive practices among sexually active late adolescents (primarily college undergraduates). It seeks to help identify subgroups of adolescents who either do not use or misuse contraceptive means, putting them at risk for unwanted pregnancy, AIDS, and other sexually transmitted diseases. The intent is to promote further research on those variables with the most potential for predicting contraceptive behaviors, which will assist in the development and implementation of effective prevention and intervention programs.     

On the aesthetic illusion

The aesthetic illusion--the experience of the content of a work of art as reality--occurs through the mobilization and intensification of typical infantile fantasies in the beholder. This necessarily evokes intrapsychic conflict in the mature adult. Two illusion-producing strategies ameliorate this conflict and effect the aesthetic illusion. The first illusion is that the artist's proffered fantasy is the beholder's own personal and private fantasy. This isolates the beholder from the shame- and guilt-evoking social surround. The second illusion is that the protagonist depicted in the work is an actual person. This defends the beholder from the painful emotions attendant upon his instinctually gratifying identification with the protagonist. The first illusion is necessary for the establishment of the second, but it is the second that establishes the aesthetic illusion. The aesthetic illusion exists in a highly unstable dynamic equilibrium with the beholder's usual reality orientation. If either orientation is too powerful, the dynamic equilibrium is disrupted and the aesthetic experience as such is abolished.     

A grouping interpretation of the modality effect in immediate probed recognition

In a series of experiments on immediate probed recognition for eight 3-digit numbers, it was shown that if the target modality involved auditory components and the effect of the similarity of the modality of the probe to that of the targets was controlled, unequivocal evidence was obtained for an auditory superiority effect (modality effect) for hit rates for the final items of the list. Moreover, false-alarm rates were significantly lower following targets with an auditory component than they were following silently seen targets. It is argued that this pattern of hits and false alarms is consistent with the idea that targets that have an auditory component yield memory representations that are better grouped as units than are those for targets that are only silently seen; in particular, if a new probe has a first digit that accidentally matches the first digit of a target item, it is more likely that the subject will mistakenly identify this new probe as old (give a false alarm) if the target has only been partially encoded because it was only silently seen.     

Falsifying mental models: Testing the predictions of theories of syllogistic reasoning

Four experiments are reported that tested the claim, drawn from mental models theory, that reasoners attempt to construct alternative representations of problems that might falsify preliminary conclusions they have drawn. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to indicate which alternative conclusion(s) they had considered in a syllogistic reasoning task. In Experiments 2-4, participants were asked to draw diagrams consistent with the premises, on the assumption that these diagrams would provide insights into the mental representation being used. In none of the experiments was there any evidence that people constructed more models for multiple-model than for single-model syllogisms, nor was there any correlation between number of models constructed and overall accuracy. The results are interpreted as showing that falsification of the kind proposed by mental models theory may not routinely occur in reasoning.     

What affects strategy selection in arithmetic? The example of parity and five effects on product verification

The parity effect in arithmetic problem verification tasks refers to faster and more accurate judgments for false equations when the odd/even status of the proposed answer mismatches that of the correct answer. In two experiments, we examined whether the proportion of incorrect answers that violated parity or the number of even operands in the problem affected the magnitude of these effects. Experiment 1 showed larger parity effects for problems with two even operands and larger parity effects during the second half of the experiment. Experiment 2 replicated the results of Experiment 1 and varied the proportion of problems violating parity. Larger parity effects were obtained when more of the false problems violated parity. Moreover, all three effects combined to show the greatest parity effects in conditions with a high proportion of parity violations in problems containing two even operands that were solved during the second half of the experiment. Experiment 3 generalized the findings to the case of five rule (i.e., checking whether a false product ends in 5 or 0), another procedure for solving and verifying multiplication problems quickly. These results (1) delineate further constraints for inclusion in models of arithmetic processing when thinking about how people select among verification strategies, (2) show combined effects of variables that traditionally have been shown to have separate effects on people's strategy selection, and (3) are consistent with a view of strategy selection that suggests a bias either in the allocation of cognitive resources in the execution of strategies or in the order of execution of these strategies; they argue against a simple, unbiased competition among strategies.     

Sexuality attitudes and behaviors of self-described very religious urban students in middle school

Data from a survey of 869 students aged 11 to 15 years and attending six urban middle schools were analyzed to identify differences in sex attitudes and behaviors between self-reported very religious students and their less religious peers. The two groups were demographically similar. They differed on only two attitude items, one suggesting that intercourse was a normal part of teenage dating and the other suggesting intercourse was alright if the two people were in love. The groups did not differ in their estimation of their peers' sexual activity or attitude or in terms of their own intercourse behavior or future intentions.