勒内思考,故笛卡尔存在

亨迪卡对笛卡尔“我思故我在”的论证提供了一种新的理解方式.他将“我思”论证同戏剧作类比,指出“我思故我在”中的两个“我”属于不同的辨别系统.这种跨越不同辨别系统的推理并不一定能成立,因而笛卡尔的论证中有潜在的问题.但借助电视里真人扮演自己的现象以及命名关系这一“概念事实”,亨迪卡论证了“勒内”可以证明“笛卡尔”的存在.亨迪卡最后指出,这种戏剧类比理解之下的笛卡尔论证同哥德尔不完全性定理的证明有相似之处.     

什么是善——奥古斯丁论模仿统一的秩序是善

一般认为,创造世界的上帝是绝对的善,他不可能在世界上创造出恶,那么,世界上存在着恶应该怎么解释呢?奥古斯丁的答案是,恶就是善的匮乏,就是非存在.善是模仿统一的秩序.作者以此为起点,梳理了奥古斯丁的一些思想,包括上帝、绝对真理(Veritas,Truth)、真理(verum,truth)、善、恶、理性、感官、本性、秩序和无序,以及它们之间的关系.通过梳理,作者也澄清了一些学者对奥古斯丁善恶形而上学的误解.     

语言和社会本体论

通过对言语行为的探讨,有可能解释人类实在和非人类的物理实在之间是如何协调一致的。在分析社会的制度性实在时,我们需要四个概念,即集体意向性、功能的施加、身份功能和建构性规则。使用建构性规则创造身份功能的模式非常类似于第五类言语行为,即宣告。正是这种宣告式的言语行为生成并维持身份功能,继而建立起人类所有的制度性实在。此外,身份功能产生"道义权力",正是这种权力才使人类社会统合在一起。     

把结果论丢在后面

本报告挑战了下述陈词滥调——在结果论和义务论之间可以作出真正有效的理论选择,同时它论证了道义论比结果论的基本洞见更加深刻.以费希特的伦理学理论为例,证明它与亚里士多德实践观的一致性,本报告认为,所有行为都因其自身之故才是值得选择的,对结果的评价必须取决于由值得选择的行为所设置的目的.因此,在按照正确行为而选择的行为与按照最佳结果而选择的行为之间,最终不应该有什么分歧.在某些情况下,一种方法比另一种方法可能有启发性的优势,但每种方法也都可能会犯视角错误.结果论应被丢在后面,但不是彻底丢掉,而是像火车车尾的守车,只要被正确的道义论引擎牵引着,它就适得其所.     

伊斯兰教主张“中正”道路北大核心CSSCISSCI

5月14日至15日,中国伊斯兰教协会主办的“伊斯兰教中道思想研讨会”在新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市成功召开。与会的近百位伊斯兰教界人士和专家学者,围绕“坚守中道,远离极端”的主题,深刻阐释了伊斯兰教的中道思想,有力批驳了宗教极端思想的歪理邪说,强烈谴责了暴力恐怖活动,通过了《坚守中道,远离极端》倡议书,号召广大穆斯林群众积极行动起来,坚守中道、正信正行,远离极端、反对暴力,为促进我国民族团结、社会稳定和伊斯兰教的健康发展凝心聚力,为实现中华民族的伟大复兴做出新贡献。     

Core systems of number

What representations underlie the ability to think and reason about number? Whereas certain numerical concepts, such as the real numbers, are only ever represented by a subset of human adults, other numerical abilities are widespread and can be observed in adults, infants and other animal species. We review recent behavioral and neuropsychological evidence that these ontogenetically and phylogenetically shared abilities rest on two core systems for representing number. Performance signatures common across development and across species implicate one system for representing large, approximate numerical magnitudes, and a second system for the precise representation of small numbers of individual objects. These systems account for our basic numerical intuitions, and serve as the foundation for the more sophisticated numerical concepts that are uniquely human.     

Development as a dynamic system

Development is about creating something more from something less, for example, a walking and talking toddler from a helpless infant. One current theoretical framework views the developmental process as a change within a complex dynamic system. Development is seen as the emergent product of many decentralized and local interactions that occur in real time. We examine how studying the multicausality of real-time processes could be the key to understanding change over developmental time. We specifically consider recent research and theory on perseverative reaching by infants as a case study that demonstrates this approach.     

Behavioral disorganization in schizophrenia during a daily activity: the kitchen behavioral scoring scale

Executive dysfunction has been extensively described in schizophrenia and has been found to correlate with the negative symptoms of the disease. However, executive dysfunction is usually assessed by cognitive tests, and these are not necessarily good predictors of an individual's daily functioning. This study aimed to discover whether executive dysfunction in schizophrenia can be measured by analyzing a daily routine such as cooking a meal. Behavior was scored on the basis of the optimal sequence of macrostructures (order of dishes) and microsteps (order of actions) that must be performed to prepare the meal in a minimum of time and with the smallest delay between the completion of the first and last dishes. The results showed that patients with schizophrenia make macrostructure but not micro-step sequencing errors. The number of repetitions and omissions and the delay between the completion of the first and last dish were all greater in patients than in control subjects. In patients with schizophrenia, but not in normal controls, these behavioral malfunctions were significantly correlated with both negative symptoms and performance on the executive tasks. Poor performance on the memory tests was not correlated with the behavioral malfunction. Therefore, daily functioning in schizophrenia may be specifically influenced by executive dysfunction in schizophrenia, and this can be quantitatively assessed with a behavioral scale of action sequences.     

Disturbances of consciousness in dementia with Lewy bodies associated with alteration in nicotinic receptor binding in the temporal cortex

Disturbances of consciousness, including fluctuations in attention and awareness, are a common and clinically important symptom in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). In the present study we investigate potential mechanisms of such disturbances of consciousness (DOC) in a clinicopathological study evaluating specific components of the cholinergic system. [3H]Epibatidine binding to the high-affinity nicotinic receptor in the temporal cortex (Brodmann's areas 20 and 36) differentiated DLB cases with and without DOC, being 62-66% higher in those with DOC (F=4.5,p=.025). The were no differences between DLB patients with or without DOC in 125I-labeled alpha-bungaratoxin binding to the low-affinity nicotinic receptor, [3H]pirenzepine binding to the muscarinic M1 receptor, or in choline acetyltransferase activity. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that cholinergic activity is an important neural correlate if consciousness and suggest a mechanism of DOC in DLB involving alterations in the nicotinic receptor, composed of predominantly alpha4 and beta2 subunits.     

信念之谜(上)

在1972年《命名与必然性》的演讲中,作者提出了直接指称论的观点:名字的语义学内容仅仅就是所指称的对象。一般认为,如果接受直接指称论就必然导致信念之谜。因为,假如专名的语义学内容仅仅就是所指称的对象,那么两个共指称的专名,比如"Cicero"("西塞罗")和"Tully"("图利"),就应该在信念语境中可以替换。但这似乎是错误的,因为,似乎"琼斯相信西塞罗是秃子但不相信图利是秃子"可以是真的,而倘若作替换,就会得出矛盾。在本文中,作者试图论证:实际上导致信念之谜的乃是两个更为基本的原则,即去引号原则和翻译原则;不能把信念之谜的产生归咎于直接指称论。通过这种间接论证,作者认为,直接指称论没有被信念之谜难题驳倒,它还是能够获得辩护的。