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961.
Glucose modulation of memory storage processing 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
P E Gold 《Behavioral and neural biology》1986,45(3):342-349
Epinephrine, derived from the adrenal medulla, enhances memory storage for several forms of learning. One physiological action of this hormone is to liberate hepatic glucose stores. This experiment tested the possibility that glucose could itself enhance memory. Rats were water deprived, pretrained to drink, pretrained to drink in the behavioral apparatus, and then trained in a one-trial inhibitory (passive) avoidance task. Immediately after the training footshock, the animals each received an injection of glucose (1.0-500 mg/kg). When tested for retention 24 h later, the animals which received 10 or 100 mg/kg doses of glucose exhibited enhanced retention performance; higher and lower doses had no significant effect on the memory tests. Also, glucose injections (100 mg/kg) delayed by 1 h after training had no effect on the retention tests. These findings suggest that the increase in plasma glucose levels subsequent to epinephrine injection may contribute to the effects of epinephrine on memory. In addition, the results suggest that peripheral glucose levels may exert important influences on memory storage. 相似文献
962.
Thirty-two children designated as hyperactive (ADD) were compared with an equal number of control subjects who were matched for age, sex, and verbal IQ. The subjects were tested on (1) a component selection task, measuring serial memory and incidental learning and (2) a cancellation task, assessing attentional variables and distractibility. No straightforward group differences were found on the component selection task, whereas hyperactive subjects made more omission and commission errors than controls on the cancellation task. It was concluded that a deficit in sustained attention and impulsivity best described the group differences. Age was also found to influence performance on a number of variables, including incidental learning on the component selection task and response rate and omission errors on the cancellation task. Because subjects in the hyperactive group were rated as extreme on a number of subscales not necessarily related to hyperactivity, the data were reexamined by multiple regression analyses. Subscales considered to be related both to hyperactivity and to conduct disorder were associated with different performance variables, indicating that each of these subscales provided some unique information.This study was supported by a grant from the Medical Research Council of New Zeland to the first author. The authors would like to thank the pupils and staff of Mt. Eden Normal Primary School and Newmarket School for taking part in the study, and the Auckland Education Board for granting approval for the study. We also thank Prof. J. S. Werry, Dr. J. Reeves, and Mrs. G. Elkind for assistance in locating some of the control subjects. Special thanks goes to Gail Elkind for assistance with the statistical analysis. 相似文献
963.
Assessing depression in community samples of children using self-report inventories: Ethical considerations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Daniel J. Burbach Jennifer G. Farha Joseph S. Thorpe 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1986,14(4):579-589
Although the methodological problems associated with the use of children's self-report depression inventories have previously been discussed in detail, the ethical problems related to the use of these instruments have been largely ignored. The primary purpose of this survey study was to determine how childhood depression researchers have prepared for and responded to children from community (i.e., nonclinic) samples whose nonanonymous scores on self-report depression inventories have indicated that they might be severely depressed or suicidal. Several recommendations, based upon (a) the results of this survey study, (b) the existing literature relevant to the ethical responsibilities of investigators who conduct research with children, and (c) our own experiences with these instruments and populations, are made to assist researchers in their attempts to use these inventories in an ethical manner.The authors would like to thank those childhood depression researchers who were kind enough to return completed surveys. 相似文献
964.
Health as a value: methodological and theoretical considerations 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
The concept of value placed on health is very important in several different theoretical approaches to the study of health behavior. In practice, however, health value is generally assumed to be universally high rather than being directly measured. If this assumption is incorrect, then theories that include health value have rarely been adequately tested. This paper presents a short 4-item Likert scale designed to measure the value placed on health. Norms from the utilization of this scale in five different samples are presented. Health value is found to increase with age among girls, but the increase apparently stops by late adolescence, before full adult levels of health value are achieved. Middle-aged women place a higher value on health than do middle-aged men, although no comparable sex difference appears in a sample of undergraduates. Consistent with theoretical predictions, both health locus of control beliefs and beliefs in the efficacy of certain preventive health behaviors correlate more highly with the performance of those same behaviors 5 to 9 months later among respondents who place a high value of health relative to those who do not value health so highly. However, this interaction is found only when it can be safely assumed that health is the primary value underlying the behavior. The importance of considering a variety of values in addition to health as possible motivators of preventive health behavior is stressed. 相似文献
965.
966.
RICHARD E. PRICE MICHAEL M. OMIZO VICTORIA L. HAMMETT 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1986,65(2):96-97
The authors discuss issues and suggestions relative to counseling clients with AIDS. Several psychosocial issues are presented, and a psycho-educational model of treatment to meet the needs of AIDS clients is described. 相似文献
967.
MARY K. O'FARRELL CLARA E. HILL SUSAN M. PATTON 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1986,65(3):141-145
Process analyses revealed that interpretations and exploration of feelings were helpful across two cases. Other interventions were helpful for one case but not the other. 相似文献
968.
Alan E. Kazdin Karen Esveldt-Dawson 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1986,8(4):289-303
The present study evaluated psychometric features and correlates of the Interview for Antisocial Behavior (IAB), a new measure designed to assess antisocial child behavior. Parents of 264 psychiatric inpatients (ages 6–13 years) completed the measure to evaluate antisocial behavior of their children. The investigation evaluated the relation of IAB scores to clinically derived diagnoses and to aggression and externalizing behaviors, as measured by different raters (parents, teachers), across different settings (home, school, hospital), and with different assessment methods (rating scales, behavioral role-play test). The results indicated that the IAB showed acceptable levels of internal consistency. A priori scores (severity, duration, total antisocial behavior) and factor analytically derived scales (Arguing/Fighting, Covert Antisocial Behaviors, Self-Injury) distinguished children with a DSM III diagnosis of conduct disorder, and scores on the IAB were more consistently related to other measures of aggression and externalizing behavior than to measures of internalizing behavior or overall severity of dysfunction. The implications of the results for use of the measure, particularly in relation to evaluation of the overt-covert dimension of antisocial behavior, are discussed.Completion of this research was facilitated by a Research Scientist Development Award (MH00353) and by grants (MH35408, MH39642) from the National Institute of Mental Health and the Rivendell Foundation. 相似文献
969.
E Iwai S Yaginuma M Mishkin 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1986,100(1):30-36
The acquisition of discrimination of five pairs of pattern cues in a Wisconsin General Testing Apparatus by 223 naive macaque monkeys was compared. The pairs of discriminanda were identical in configuration but varied slightly in either the size of the cue or the size of the background plaque; thus, the degree of separation of the cue from the fringe of the plaque, the response site, was slightly different for each pair of discriminanda. These small differences in cue-response separation had marked effects on the rate of acquisition of the discriminations. Even an increment of separation as small as 0.5 cm resulted in a remarkable retardation of the acquisition. This retardation was due entirely to prolonged performance at the chance level, and not to a slow rate of improvement from the chance to a criterion level. The finding indicates that the difficulty in the acquisition learning on pattern tasks depends largely on the difficulty of attending to the pattern cues at small cue-response separations. 相似文献
970.
Inpatient Multimodal Therapy (imt) is a residential treatment program, lasting a maximum of 36 weeks, for patients with severe neurotic symptoms. A group of
44 chronic obsessive-compulsive patients and a group of 40 chronic phobic patients were treated in order to assess the outcome
and the process of treatment and to identify prognostic factors associated with the effect. At follow-up—on average, eight
months after discharge—it was found that 60% had improved, 32% had remained the same, and 8% had deteriorated, indicating
that, in general, the treatment was beneficial. That these effects were long-lasting is supported by the fact that, at follow-up,
78% of all patients were no longer receiving treatment, 18% were receiving outpatient or day treatment, and 4% were receiving
inpatient treatment. Phobic patients appear to have gained more from the multimodal approach than did obsessive-compulsive
patients, as indicated by the fact that the severity of symptoms decreased as they improved in rational thinking, assertiveness,
and arousal. By contrast, obsessive-compulsive patients relapsed more than phobic patients did. This was attributed to the
fact that the former gained less from the rational-emotive training, denied problems with assertiveness, and did not practice
the acquired relaxation skills. It further appeared that a favorable outcome could be induced in patients who (1) expressed
relatively mild symptoms in this otherwise severe group, (2) reported relatively few additional complaints, (3) could clearly
indicate interpersonal problems, and (4) did not use psychotropic drugs. These prognostic factors are so widespread that not
much weight can be ascribed to them. Yet they are useful for indication ofimt until better predictors are found. 相似文献