The microanalysis of fixed-interval responding

The fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one of the more widely studied schedules in the experimental analysis of behavior and is also a common baseline for behavior pharmacology. Despite many intensive studies, the controlling variables and the pattern of behavior engendered are not well understood. The present study examined the microstructure and superstructure of the behavior engendered by a fixed-interval 5- and a fixed-interval 15-minute schedule of food reinforcement in the pigeon. Analysis of performance typical of fixed-interval responding indicated that the scalloped pattern does not result from smooth acceleration in responding, but, rather, from renewed pausing early in the interval. Individual interresponse-time (IRT) analyses provided no evidence of acceleration. There was a strong indication of alternation in shorter-longer IRTs, but these shorter-longer IRTs did not occur at random, reflecting instead a sequential dependency in successive IRTs. Furthermore, early in the interval there was a high relative frequency of short IRTs. Such a pattern of early pauses and short IRTs does not suggest behavior typical of reinforced responding as exemplified by the pattern found near the end of the interval. Thus, behavior from clearly scalloped performance can be classified into three states: postreinforcement pause, interim behavior, and terminal behavior.     

《古兰经》的伦理道德思想(续)

三、敬畏 敬畏是一种宗教美德,《古兰经》用它来确定人与人、人与造物主之间的关系。“敬畏”一词及其派生词大都出现在《古兰经》中有关道德和社会主张的经文中。所谓“敬畏”就是要人类谨防那些使真主恼怒和损人害己的行为。因为“敬畏”一词本意为保护自己。人之所以保护自己,是因有可惧怕的东西存在。安拉是最值得惧怕的,所以因安拉而保护自己是特别重要的。既然惧怕,就     

《古兰经》的伦理道德思想(续)

七、公正 伊斯兰教的理想之一就是责成其信徒要丢掉一切与自身利害有关的考虑,主持人间公道。安拉说:“信教的人们!你们应主持公正,应为安拉而作见证,即使不利于自身,或自己的父母和亲属。不论被见证者是富人或贫人,那安拉是最宜于对付他们的。你们不要徇私,以免偏离公正;如果你们歪曲事实,或拒绝作证,那安拉对你们的作为将是一清二楚。”(4:135)     

Participation by women in behavior analysis

The participation of women in behavior analysis as authors of articles published in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) and the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA), as members of the Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA), and as contributors to the 1982 ABA convention was examined. Since the inception of JEAB and JABA, men have appeared as authors far more frequently than women, although women have published relatively more frequently in the latter journal than in the former. Across years, there has been an upward trend in the proportion of JEAB authors who are female; this is not the case for all JABA authors, although it does hold for senior authors. In 1980-1981 and 1981-1982, females represented approximately half of ABA's student and affiliate members but less than a third of its full members. Approximately a third of the contributors to posters and symposia and a seventh of those delivering invited addresses at the 1982 ABA convention were women.     

学习低能学生的教育干预与教学方法

对学习低能学生教育干预的目标是缩小他们能力与成绩之间的差距。过去和现在的绝大多数教育计划都是在不断探寻这一目标,为阅读、算术和语言艺术等基本技能提供矫治教学措施。学习低能学生的教师发现讲授基本技能是特殊教育教师最为重要的专业能力之一。另外,有些教师还提出,学习中最为重要的事情是发展基本技能教学。阅读和数学教学固然应分配最好的教学时间,但是,语言艺术也是课程中的一重要部分。“学习低能者全国     

认知风格与教学策略(节译)

一般地说,认知风格可以被理解为个人感知、组织以及评价信息的独特方式。然而,除此之外,本文要论及的四项系列研究运用了两种量表,它们反映了对认知风格的不同而独特的解释。一种量表是迈尔斯—布立格斯类型量表(Myers—Briggs Type lndlcator),这是一套著名的量表,它是以荣格(Jungian)的人格理     

呼图白集(续六)

朱马达·阿黑赖第一讲赞美安拉——造化所有万物的主,开天辟地的主,布施给养的主。巢中群鸟赞他清净,各路王侯颂他崇高。赞主清净,他是崇高普施的主,其拥有之财富不因博施而罄绝。我赞美安拉清净玄高,赞主会持续给     

逻辑的范围

人们在作出陈述时,可能提供论据以支持它们,也可能不这样。一个被论据支持的陈述是一个论证的结论,而逻辑则提供对论证进行分析的工具。逻辑分析所涉及的是结论和支持它的论据之间的关系。人们思考时,作出推理,这些推理可以转变为论证,而逻辑工具这时就应用于这些得出的论证之上。这样,就可以检验产生这些论证的推理。逻辑研究论证与推理。它的主要目的之一是为区别逻辑上正确的与不正确的论证与推理提供方法。     

排中律与多值逻辑

(在这篇论文里,我把多值逻辑中反对排中律的论据找来,并试图对其进行一番考查。首先,我叙述了反对排中律的论据,然后试图对它的力量作出估价,凡是这个论据显得不充分之处,我就试着提出一种理由予以支持。在我时这个理由所作的批评里,我也努力对提出这一否定的动机——引起争论的那些东西,以及这一否定的份量如何,作了某些证明。) (一)导言传统逻辑的法则基本上是从亚里士多德流传下来的。传统逻辑最基本的法则就是三大思维规律。第一条是同一律,其内容是:“A就是A”或者是“如果某命题是真的,那么它就是真的。”第二条