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31.
The approach to the irrelevant sound effect by Neath (2000) is discussed in terms of the contrast between content-based and process-based interference. Four themes are highlighted: First, problematic features of the feature model are highlighted; second, results not considered by Neath are presented; third, empirical underpinnings of the feature model not related to the irrelevant-sound effect are questioned; last, the parsimony of the feature model is questioned. The balance of the evidence seems to be in favor of a process-based approach, on the grounds that it provides a comprehensive account of acoustic and taskbased factors within the irrelevant sound effect, for both speech and nonspeech sound. 相似文献
32.
Hughes RW Jones DM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2005,31(2):316-327
A novel effect is reported in which serial recall of visual digits was disrupted to a greater degree by the presence of the same set of digits presented as an irrelevant auditory sequence than by the presence of irrelevant auditory consonants, but only when the order of the irrelevant digits was incongruent with that of the to-be-remembered digits (Experiment 1). Experiment 2 replicated this order-incongruence effect and showed also that disruption was dictated by the number of order-incongruent transitions but not by the number of novel tokens contained within the irrelevant sequence. The results favor an interference-by- process approach to the disruption of serial memory by irrelevant sound over approaches based on notions of interference by content and/or interference by depletion of attentional resources. 相似文献
33.
Edwards DJ Thickbroom GW Byrnes ML Ghosh S Mastaglia FL 《Human movement science》2004,23(3-4):379-387
We have previously shown that during rhythmic passive movement of the index finger, the amplitude of the motor evoke potential (MEP) of the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) as the index finger moved through mid-range adduction, is significantly reduced compared to rest [Edwards, D. J., Thickbroom, G. W., Byrnes, M. L., Ghosh, S., & Mastaglia, F. L. (2002). Reduced corticomotor excitability with passive movement: A study using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Human Movement Science 21, 533-540]. In the present study we have investigated the time-course of this phenomenon. We found that MEP amplitude was significantly reduced at the mid-range position in the first cycle of movement (50+/-6% of resting baseline values), and did not vary across subsequent cycles (10 cycles in 50 s), but that MEP amplitude returned to baseline values within 1s of cessation of movement. The results suggest that the pattern of afferent discharge set up by the kinematics of the movement acting at spinal or supraspinal levels underlies the inhibition observed, rather than an effect of central origin or a cumulative effect of ongoing cyclic movement. 相似文献
34.
Grouping effects in serial recall have been widely studied with verbal stimuli, but hardly ever with spatial stimuli and not
at all with auditory spatial stimuli. In Experiment 1, we examined the influence of combined temporal and pitch grouping on
recall of the locations from which bursts of white noise were presented. Similar to findings in verbal studies, effects of
the grouping manipulation were found in performance accuracy, in the nature of order errors, and in the timing of responses.
Experiment 2 was designed to distinguish the role played by pitch grouping from that played by temporal grouping, through
independent manipulation of the presence of a shift in pitch and that of a temporal gap. The results showed that the temporal
grouping manipulation determined performance and the pitch grouping manipulation did not. Similarities between our findings
and those of verbal studies, and implications for the understanding of serial memory are discussed. 相似文献
35.
Science and Engineering Ethics - Fundamental questions in value sensitive design include whether and how high-tech products/artefacts could embody values and ethical ideals, and how plural and... 相似文献
36.
Edwards DJ Thickbroom GW Byrnes ML Ghosh S Mastaglia FL 《Human movement science》2002,21(5-6):533-540
Human voluntary movement involves the integration of kinaesthetic information with efferent motor activity during the planning and execution stages of movement. While much is known of the inhibitory and excitatory effects resulting from activation of specific kinaesthetic sensory receptors, in the present study we employed cyclic passive movement of the index finger in order to activate a range of kinaesthetic receptors in a manner that was intended to correspond to how these receptors might be active during a comparable voluntary movement. We intended to identify how this passive movement protocol might affect the excitability of the corticomotor pathway. During 1 Hz cyclic passive movement of the index finger there was an approximately 60% reduction in the amplitude of the motor evoked response from the first dorsal interosseous muscle. The results of the present study demonstrate that passive movement can have a profound effect on the excitability of the corticomotor pathway. 相似文献
37.
Nicholls AP Jones DM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2002,28(1):12-28
Adding an irrelevant item to the end of an auditory to-be-remembered list increases error on the last list items appreciably, known as the suffix effect. The phenomenon of auditory capture (e.g., Bregman & Rudnicky, 1975), namely, the tendency for a sequence of similar items to form a stream that at the same time isolates perceptually dissimilar members of the sequence, is exploited to explore the suffix effect. Irrelevant items interleaved between to-be-remembered items are used to capture the suffix with the aim of reducing its impact. Four experiments illustrate how the properties of the irrelevant sequence promote capture. The results are problematic for models of the suffix that involve masking of the last list item; instead, models based on grouping are favored. 相似文献
38.
Smith DM Loewenstein G Rozin P Sherriff RL Ubel PA 《Journal of research in personality》2007,41(4):787-803
We examined whether trait disgust sensitivity predicts well-being in colostomy patients, and whether disgust predicts stigmatizing attitudes about colostomy in non-patients. 195 patients with a colostomy returned a mailed survey including measures of disgust sensitivity, life satisfaction, mood, and feelings of being stigmatized. We also conducted an internet-survey of a non-patient sample (n = 523). In the patient sample, we observed negative correlations between a bowel-specific measure of disgust sensitivity and life satisfaction (r = -.34, p<.01), and colostomy adjustment ( r = -.42, p<.01), and a positive correlation with feeling stigmatized because of the colostomy (r = .54, p<.01). Correlations between a general trait disgust measure and these outcomes were more modest. A structural equation model indicated that colostomy patients who had high disgust sensitivity felt more stigmatized, and this was in turn strongly related to lower life satisfaction. Concordantly, in the non-patient sample we observed that disgust sensitivity was a significant, positive predictor of wanting less contact with colostomy patients (r = .22, p < .01). 相似文献
39.
40.
Dylan M. Jones 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1994,47(1):143-160
Two experiments critically re-examine the finding of Campbell and Dodd (1984, Experiment 2), which suggests that irrelevant speech disrupts the encoding of visual material for serial recall. Support is sought for the competing view that the effect of irrelevant speech is on storage by comparing the effect of a range of acoustic conditions on memory for graphic and lip-read lists. Initially, serial short-term recall of visually presented lists was examined with irrelevant speech that was both asynchronous with the visually presented items and of varied speech content (Experiment 1a). In this experiment substantial impairments in recall of both graphic and lip-read lists were found. However, with unvarying asynchronous speech (Experiment 1b) the effect of speech was small and non-significant. Experiment 2 examined the effect of changing state and of synchrony of speech with lip movements. When conditions of synchronous and asynchronous unvarying speech were contrasted, no significant effect of synchrony or irrelevant speech was found (Experiment 2a and 2c). In contrast, when the speech was varying in content, a strong effect of irrelevant speech was found; moreover, the effect was roughly the same for synchronous and asynchronous materials (Experiment 2b). The contrast in outcome with varying and unvarying speech provides strong support for the “changing state” model of the irrelevant speech effect. Coupled with the absence of an effect of synchrony in Experiment 2, these experiments reinforce the view that disruption by irrelevant speech occurs in memory, not at encoding. 相似文献