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Simon Ciranka Wouter van den Bos 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2021,39(3):481-498
Social influence is an important determinant of adolescent risk-taking, but little is known about how social norms contribute to adolescents’ tendency to recommend and engage in risky behaviours. Using the Adolescent Risk-taking Questionnaire, we assessed subjects’ (n = 198, age = 10–26) propensity to engage in and recommend risk-taking as well as their perception of risk norms. Adolescents recommended risk-taking more often compared to children and young adults. Perceived social norms were the most important factor predicting engagement in risky behaviours, and adolescents perceived risk-taking to be more normative than children or adults. Our findings highlight two mechanisms that contribute to adolescent risk-taking, active recommendation and perceived social norms. On this basis, we discuss potential means to attenuate excessive adolescent risk-taking. 相似文献
104.
Wouter Duyck Timothy Desmet Lieven P. C. Verbeke Marc Brysbaert 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(3):488-499
WordGen is an easy-to-use program that uses the CELEX and Lexique lexical databases for word selection and nonword generation
in Dutch, English, German, and French. Items can be generated in these four languages, specifying any combination of seven
linguistic constraints: number of letters, neighborhood size, frequency, summated position-nonspecific bigram frequency, minimum
position-nonspecific bigram frequency, position-specific frequency of the initial and final bigram, and orthographic relatedness.
The program also has a module to calculate the respective values of these variables for items that have already been constructed,
either with the program or taken from earlier studies. Stimulus queries can be entered through WordGen’s graphical user interface
or by means of batch files. WordGen is especially useful for (1) Dutch and German item generation, because no such stimulus-selection
tool exists for these languages, (2) the generation of nonwords for all four languages, because our program has some important
advantages over previous nonword generation approaches, and (3) psycholinguistic experiments on bilingualism, because the
possibility of using the same tool for different languages increases the cross-linguistic comparability of the generated item
lists. WordGen is free and available athttp://expsy.ugent.be/wordgen.htm. 相似文献
105.
Psychological Research - Recent studies have suggested that the threat of pain may redirect attention towards specific features of the pain stimulus via attentional control settings. For instance,... 相似文献
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The revised hierarchical model of bilingualism (e.g., Kroll & Stewart, 1994) assumes that second language (L2) words primarily access semantics through their first language (L1) translation equivalents. Consequently, backward translation from L2 to L1 should not imply semantic access but occurs through lexical wordform associations. However, recent research with Dutch-French bilinguals showed that both backward and forward translation of number words yields a semantic number magnitude effect (Duyck & Brysbaert, 2004), providing evidence for strong form-to-meaning mappings of L2 number words. In two number-word translation experiments with Dutch-English-German trilinguals, the present study investigated whether semantic access in L1-L2 and L1-L3 number-word translation depends on lexical similarity of the languages involved. We found that backward translation from these more similar language pairs to L1 still yields a semantic magnitude effect, whereas forward translation does not, in contrast with the Dutch-French results of Duyck and Brysbaert (2004). We argue against a dual route model of word translation and suggest that the degree of semantic activation in translation depends on lexical form overlap between translation equivalents. 相似文献
108.
Berna Güro?lu Wouter van den Bos Eveline A. Crone 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,104(4):398-409
The development of fairness considerations in decision making is not well understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that increased understanding of intentionality during adolescence underlies increased fairness considerations in social decision making. We conducted three experiments using an adapted version of the Ultimatum Game with participants during four stages of adolescence: 9, 12, 15, and 18 years of age. Participants made or evaluated monetary offers, and we manipulated the intentionality context of offers. Results show that strategic thinking is already present at 9 years of age. There was no age difference in fairness of offers when the responder could not reject an offer (Experiment 1), but when they could reject an offer there was an age-related increase in taking into account the perspective and intentionality of other players when making offers (Experiment 2) and evaluating offers (Experiment 3). Taken together, the results demonstrate a linear developmental transition in fairness considerations that may have important implications for our understanding of social interactions during adolescence. 相似文献
109.
Since elderly people suffering from dementia want to go on living independently for as long as possible, they need to be able
to maintain familiar and learn new practical skills. Although explicit or declarative learning methods are mostly used to
train new skills, it is hypothesized that implicit or procedural techniques may be more effective in this population. The
present review discusses 23 experimental studies on implicit motor-skill learning in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
All studies found intact implicit motor-learning capacities. Subsequently, it is elaborated how these intact learning abilities
can be exploited in the patients’ rehabilitation with respect to the variables ‘practice’ and ‘feedback.’ Recommendations
for future research are provided, and it is concluded that if training programs are adjusted to specific needs and abilities,
older people with AD are well able to (re)learn practical motor skills, which may enhance their autonomy. 相似文献
110.
In this study, we are interested in the following two questions: (1) how does perceived roughness correlate with physical roughness, and (2) how do visually and haptically perceived roughness compare? We used 96 samples of everyday materials, such as wood, paper, glass, sandpaper, ceramics, foams, textiles, etc. The samples were characterized by various different physical roughness measures, all determined from accurately measured roughness profiles. These measures consisted of spectral densities measured at different spatial scales and industrial roughness standards (R(a), R(q) and R(z)). In separate haptic and visual conditions, 12 na?ve subjects were instructed to order the 96 samples according to perceived roughness. The rank orders of both conditions were correlated with the various physical roughness measures. With most physical roughness measures, haptic and visual correspondence with the physical ordering was about equal. With others, haptic correspondence was slightly better. It turned out that different subjects ordered the samples using different criteria; for some subjects the correlation was better with roughness measures that were based on higher spatial frequencies, while others seemed to be paying more attention to the lower spatial frequencies. Also, physical roughness was not found to be the same as perceived roughness. 相似文献