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111.
Kofler MJ Rapport MD Bolden J Sarver DE Raiker JS Alderson RM 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(6):805-817
Social problems are a prevalent feature of ADHD and reflect a major source of functional impairment for these children. The
current study examined the impact of working memory deficits on parent- and teacher-reported social problems in a sample of
children with ADHD and typically developing boys (N = 39). Bootstrapped, bias-corrected mediation analyses revealed that the impact of working memory deficits on social problems
is primarily indirect. That is, impaired social interactions in children with ADHD reflect, to a significant extent, the behavioral outcome of being unable to maintain a focus of attention on information within working memory while simultaneously dividing attention
among multiple, on-going events and social cues occurring within the environment. Central executive deficits impacted social
problems through both inattentive and impulsive-hyperactive symptoms, whereas the subsidiary phonological and visuospatial
storage/rehearsal systems demonstrated a more limited yet distinct relationship with children’s social problems. 相似文献
112.
R. Matt Alderson Mark D. Rapport Kristen L. Hudec Dustin E. Sarver Michael J. Kofler 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(4):497-507
The current study examined competing predictions of the working memory and behavioral inhibition models of ADHD. Behavioral
inhibition was measured using a conventional stop-signal task, and central executive, phonological, and visuospatial working
memory components (Baddeley 2007) were assessed in 14 children with ADHD and 13 typically developing (TD) children. Bootstrapped mediation analyses revealed
that the visuospatial working memory system and central executive both mediated the relationship between group membership
(ADHD, TD) and stop-signal task performance. Conversely, stop-signal task performance mediated the relationship between group
membership and central executive processes, but was unable to account for the phonological and visuospatial storage/rehearsal
deficits consistently found in children with ADHD. Comparison of effect size estimates for both models suggested that working
memory deficits may underlie impaired stop-signal task performance in children with ADHD. The current findings therefore challenge
existing models of ADHD that describe behavioral inhibition as a core deficit of the disorder. 相似文献
113.
Practitioners in the sciences have used the “flow” of knowledge (post-test score minus pre-test score) to measure learning in the classroom for the past 50 years. Walstad and Wagner, and Smith and Wagner moved this practice forward by disaggregating the flow of knowledge and accounting for student guessing. These estimates are sensitive to misspecification of the probability of guessing correct. This work provides guidance to practitioners and researchers facing this problem. We introduce a transformed measure of true positive learning that under some knowable conditions performs better when students’ ability to guess correctly is misspecified and converges to Hake’s normalized learning gain estimator under certain conditions. We then use simulations to compare the accuracy of two estimation techniques under various violations of the assumptions of those techniques. Using recursive partitioning trees fitted to our simulation results, we provide the practitioner concrete guidance based on a set of yes/no questions. 相似文献
114.
We examined the Motivational Trait Questionnaire (MTQ) in a goal‐setting situation to determine the capability of motivational traits to predict task performance and core variables associated with goal‐setting: self‐efficacy, personal goals, and goal commitment. The MTQ measures individual differences in motivation to perform tasks utilizing 6 underlying scales that reflect the 3 traits of personal mastery, competitive excellence, and motivation related to anxiety. Generally consistent with hypotheses, we found that higher levels of the desire to learn, mastery, other‐referenced goals, competitiveness, and emotionality scales were predictive of personal goals, self‐efficacy, and practice, or postgoal performance of an idea‐generation task. Our findings led us to believe that the MTQ is a reliable and useful way of measuring stable motivational constructs, particularly in a goal‐setting situation. 相似文献
115.
Martin T Egly R Houck JM Bish JP Barrera BD Lee DC Tesche CD 《Perception & psychophysics》2005,67(1):168-184
Recent theories of dynamic attention have renewed the interest in temporal context as a determinant of attention. The mechanism of dynamic attention remains unclear, and both stochastic time perception processes and deterministic oscillators are possible. The results of Experiment 1 demonstrate that attention can be guided by isochronous series of warning stimuli and that elapsed time cannot fully account for this effect. Experiment 2 indicates that temporal structure can be used over a limited range of time. The results of Experiment 3 indicate that temporal pattern, rather than variability, is a determinant of temporally focused attention. The results of Experiment 4 demonstrate that a coupled oscillator is a better predictor of reaction time than a stochastic timing mechanism is, under certain assumptions. 相似文献
116.
Kostoff RN Johnson D Rio JA Bloomfield LA Shlesinger MF Malpohl G Cortes HD 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(3):543-554
The similarity of documents in a large database of published Fractals articles was examined for redundancy. Three different
text matching techniques were used on published Abstracts to identify redundancy candidates, and predictions were verified
by reading full text versions of the redundancy candidate articles. A small fraction of the total articles in the database
was judged to be redundant. This was viewed as a lower limit, because it excluded cases where the concepts remained the same,
but the text was altered substantially.
Far more pervasive than redundant publications were publications that did not violate the letter of redundancy but rather
violated the spirit of redundancy. There appeared to be widespread publication maximization strategies. Studies that resulted
in one comprehensive paper decades ago now result in multiple papers that focus on one major problem, but are differentiated
by parameter ranges, or other stratifying variables. This ‘paper inflation’ is due in large part to the increasing use of
metrics (publications, patents, citations, etc) to evaluate research performance, and the researchers’ motivation to maximize
the metrics.
The views in this paper are solely those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of the
Navy or any of its components, UNAM, University of Virginia or University of Karlsruhe. 相似文献
117.
Cross-sectional and longitudinal tests of the Personality and Role Identity Structural Model (PRISM)
A conceptual hierarchy termed the Personality and Role Identity Structural Model, or PRISM, is offered as a framework for incorporating situational information into trait models. PRISM assumes that personality is structured hierarchically with general dispositions subsuming context-specific dispositions (role identities), which, in turn, subsume role-based thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. At Wave 1 (N = 149), we found that general traits account for commonalities across traits measured within role identities and that role identities mediate the relationship between general traits and role criteria. In a longitudinal follow-up of a subsample of the original participants (Wave 2; N = 62), we found that general traits and role-identity traits were more stable than role experiences over time. Also, changes in role experiences were related to changes in role-identity traits, and, in turn, changes in role-identity traits were related to changes in general traits. The potential of PRISM for use in understanding the development of personality traits is discussed. 相似文献
118.
119.
Attentional blink occurs when two target items, T1 and T2, are presented within brief moments of each other in a series of rapidly presented items and participants fail to report T2. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of characteristics of T2 on T2 reporting. Participants (N = 67) completed 4 blocks of 40 trials. Each trial consisted of 15 images, two of which were designated as T1 and T2. T2 was manipulated in three ways: animacy (animate or inanimate), threat (threatening or nonthreatening), and lag (200 ms or 400 ms after T1). The results indicated that more T2s were reported at the longer lag and that animate objects were reported more often than inanimate objects at both lags. Threat did not have a significant effect on T2 reporting although it interacted with lag: threatening objects were reported more frequently than nonthreatening objects at lag 2 but this trend reversed at lag 4. The results were consistent with the animate monitoring hypothesis, which claims that animate objects, because of their importance in ancestral environments, attract attention more easily than inanimate objects. Animate objects appear to capture attention more easily than inanimate objects as second targets in a rapid serial visual presentation task. This result is similar to animacy advantages reported with other attention tasks and with memory tasks. 相似文献
120.
Marcus Credé Peter D. Harms Nikki Blacksmith Dustin Wood 《Journal of personality assessment》2016,98(5):503-513
It has been argued that approximations of narrow traits can be made through linear combinations of broad traits such as the Big Five personality traits. Indeed, Hough and Ones (2001) used a qualitative analysis of scale content to arrive at a taxonomy of how Big Five traits might be combined to approximate various narrow traits. However, the utility of such compound trait approximations has yet to be established beyond specific cases such as integrity and customer service orientation. Using data from the Eugene-Springfield Community Sample (Goldberg, 2008), we explore the ability of linear composites of scores on Big Five traits to approximate scores on 127 narrow trait measures from 5 well-known non-Big-Five omnibus measures of personality. Our findings indicate that individuals' standing on more than 30 narrow traits can be well estimated from 3 different types of linear composites of scores on Big Five traits without a substantial sacrifice in criterion validity. We discuss theoretical accounts for why such relationships exist as well as the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for researchers and practitioners. 相似文献