Politically motivated selective exposure has traditionally been understood through the lens of long‐standing attitudes and beliefs, but the role of environment in shaping information exposure practices merits further consideration. Citizens might respond to the political environment in their information‐seeking behavior for numerous reasons. Citizens who believe their position is politically vulnerable have specific cognitive and affective needs that may make them uniquely attuned to counterattitudinal information. In the context of a presidential election, this means that as the defeat of a supported candidate appears more likely, attention to counterattitudinal content will increase. Data collected in the 2008 and 2012 U.S. Presidential elections support this prediction, although this relationship was observed primarily among supporters of the Republican candidate in both elections.相似文献
Although interest development is often conceptualized as a process that occurs within an individual, interest can be developed through various social mechanisms. Messages that suggest that one is or is not welcome within a context may serve to bolster or attenuate interest in those contexts. In a sample of first semester freshmen undergraduate science students, we tested whether or not talking with close others about one’s interests, and receiving social recognition during those conversations, was related to having a greater science career interest over time. Our findings suggest that the way in which students perceive others’ reactions to their scientific interests (social recognition) during these conversations may have the greatest impact on students that face greater external barriers to persisting. We found that positive social recognition appraisals that convey that a listener understands and encourages one’s interest in science predicted a greater science career interest over time for women, but not men. The impact of positive social recognition appraisals on interest in a science career was greatest among women with relatively low or average science identities, but not for women with a relatively high science identity. The implications for the development of students’ interest and for broadening participation in science are discussed.
A common form of missing data is caused by selection on an observed variable (e.g., Z). If the selection variable was measured and is available, the data are regarded as missing at random (MAR). Selection biases correlation, reliability, and effect size estimates when these estimates are computed on listwise deleted (LD) data sets. On the other hand, maximum likelihood (ML) estimates are generally unbiased and outperform LD in most situations, at least when the data are MAR. The exception is when we estimate the partial correlation. In this situation, LD estimates are unbiased when the cause of missingness is partialled out. In other words, there is no advantage of ML estimates over LD estimates in this situation. We demonstrate that under a MAR condition, even ML estimates may become biased, depending on how partial correlations are computed. Finally, we conclude with recommendations about how future researchers might estimate partial correlations even when the cause of missingness is unknown and, perhaps, unknowable. 相似文献
The current study investigates two recently identified threats to the construct validity of behavioral inhibition as a core
deficit of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on the stop-signal task: calculation of mean reaction time
from go-trials presented adjacent to intermittent stop-trials, and non-reporting of the stop-signal delay metric. Children
with ADHD (n = 12) and typically developing (TD) children (n = 11) were administered the standard stop-signal task and three variant stop-signal conditions. These included a no-tone
condition administered without the presentation of an auditory tone; an ignore-tone condition that presented a neutral (i.e.,
not associated with stopping) auditory tone; and a second ignore-tone condition that presented a neutral auditory tone after
the tone had been previously paired with stopping. Children with ADHD exhibited significantly slower and more variable reaction
times to go-stimuli, and slower stop-signal reaction times relative to TD controls. Stop-signal delay was not significantly
different between groups, and both groups’ go-trial reaction times slowed following meaningful tones. Collectively, these
findings corroborate recent meta-analyses and indicate that previous findings of stop-signal performance deficits in ADHD
reflect slower and more variable responding to visually presented stimuli and concurrent processing of a second stimulus,
rather than deficits of motor behavioral inhibition. 相似文献
The authors examined how an applicant's handshake influences hiring recommendations formed during the employment interview. A sample of 98 undergraduate students provided personality measures and participated in mock interviews during which the students received ratings of employment suitability. Five trained raters independently evaluated the quality of the handshake for each participant. Quality of handshake was related to interviewer hiring recommendations. Path analysis supported the handshake as mediating the effect of applicant extraversion on interviewer hiring recommendations, even after controlling for differences in candidate physical appearance and dress. Although women received lower ratings for the handshake, they did not on average receive lower assessments of employment suitability. Exploratory analysis suggested that the relationship between a firm handshake and interview ratings may be stronger for women than for men. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
Research over the last 25 years has demonstrated that animals are able to organize sequences in memory and retrieve ordered sequences without language. Qualitative differences have been found between the serial organization of behavior in pigeons and monkeys. Here the authors test serial ordering abilities in ring-tailed lemurs, a strepsirrhine primate whose ancestral lineage diverged from that of monkeys, apes, and humans approximately 63 million years ago. Lemurs' accuracy and response times were similar to monkeys, thus suggesting that they may share mechanisms for serial organization that dates to a common primate ancestor. 相似文献
The current study examined the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales (Tellegen et al., MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales: Development, validation, and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003) in a sample of 1,091 bariatric surgery candidates. The RC scales were
developed to address concerns about limited discriminant validity of the Clinical scales. Internal consistency and external
validity analyses were conducted to evaluate the RC scales in this setting. Results indicated that the RC scales are generally
more internally consistent than the Clinical scales and display significantly better convergent and discriminant validity
in predicting a variety of behavioral, psychological, and developmental variables relevant to preoperative bariatric psychological
evaluations. Implications of the results and recommendations for future research with the RC scales in medical settings are
discussed. 相似文献
This study examines the treatment outcomes of 139, 6–11 year-old, clinically referred boys and girls diagnosed with Oppositional
Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Conduct Disorder (CD) who were randomly assigned to a modular-based treatment protocol that was
applied by research study clinicians either in the community (COMM) or a clinic office (CLINIC). To examine normative comparisons,
a matched sample of 69 healthy control children was included. Multiple informants completed diagnostic interviews and self-reports
at six assessment timepoints (pretreatment to 3-year follow-up) to evaluate changes in the child’s behavioral and emotional
problems, psychopathic features, functional impairment, diagnostic status, and service involvement. Using HLM and logistic
regression models, COMM and CLINIC showed significant and comparable improvements on all outcomes. By 3-year follow-up, 36%
of COMM and 47% of CLINIC patients no longer met criteria for either ODD or CD, and 48% and 57% of the children in these two
respective conditions had levels of parent-rated externalizing behavior problems in the normal range. We discuss the nature
and implications of these novel findings regarding the role of treatment context or setting for the treatment and long-term
outcome of behavior disorders.
This study was supported by grants to the first author from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 57727) and to the
second author by the National Institute of Nursing Research (NR 07615). The fourth author was supported by grant K01 MH078039
from the National Institute of Mental Health. The authors acknowledge the research and clinical staff of the Resources to
Enhance the Adjustment of Children (REACH) program, and Drs. David Brent, Tammy Chung, William Gardner, John Lochman, and Wayne Osgood. Reprints may be obtained from
Dr. Kolko, WPIC, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213. 相似文献