二语语音的识别方式与激活脑区

采用行为测量和功能性核磁共振成像技术, 以明确二语语音的激活脑区定位与识别方式。本文对比分析了23名高水平晚双语者在进行高频、强规则性和强词汇性二语真词的同韵判断时, 与假词和对照字符在行为学和影像学上所表现出来的差异。行为学和影像学结果显示：高水平晚双语者在识别真词和假词的语音时, 速度相近, 均明显慢于对照字符的识别; 所激活的脑区集中在左背侧外额叶系统功能区、左腹侧前额叶系统功能区、左背侧顶下系统功能区和双腹侧颞－枕系统功能区; 这些脑区与其母语语音处理的脑区相似, 并在整体上表现出较强的左侧化, 在枕叶和小脑等局部表现出较弱的右侧化。上述结果表明：高水平晚双语者在识别二语语音时, 激活的脑区仍然是母语语音处理的脑区, 采用的可能是合成方式而不是直呼方式。     

制度伦理视野中的传统文化的现代转换

要适应市场经济发展的需要,适应制度伦理建设的需要,必须要实现传统文化的现代转换。从制度伦理的视角而言,传统文化的现代转换主要包括从农业文明到商业文明,从人治社会到法治社会,从国家主义到以人为本的转换。     

流动儿童认同整合与歧视知觉的关系：社会支持和应对方式的作用

采取整群抽样方法对来自北京市、山东省的1307名流动儿童进行问卷调查,探讨流动儿童感受到的歧视对其认同整合的影响,以及应对方式和社会支持在其中所起的作用。结果表明：（1）流动儿童感受到了一定程度的歧视,认同整合水平良好;（2）流动儿童的歧视知觉会对其认同整合产生消极影响,歧视知觉越高,认同整合水平越低;歧视知觉也通过应对方式和社会支持对流动儿童的认同整合产生显著的影响;（3）社会支持不仅在歧视知觉对认同整合的关系中起到了显著的部分中介作用,社会支持还又在应对方式和认同整合之中起到了显著的部分中介作用。     

可操作性在物体表征中的作用

近10年来, 越来越多的研究表明, 对可操作物体的识别不仅依赖物体的视觉信息, 同时也依赖操作它的动作信息和知识, 即可操作性。来自行为实验、脑成像和脑损伤病人的研究都表明, 物体的可操作性在物体识别中会被激活, 并起着重要的作用。可操作性的研究不但重新解释了生物与非生物、名词与动词的分离现象, 而且对于研究物体表征, 以及视觉物体识别的神经通路有着重要的理论意义。     

团队异质性的平衡性对团队创造力的影响

团队异质性的平衡性是指团队中异质性属性的相对分布情况, 是一个从不平衡到平衡的连续谱概念。作为对团队构成维度的补充, 本研究探究其如何通过团队信息深化施加影响于团队创造力。通过对浙江理工大学451名学生的团队实验研究, 得出结论认为：团队知识异质性的平衡性能够积极影响团队创造力, 且团队信息深化在这一过程中起中介作用, 性别异质性的平衡性与团队创造力之间的关系不显著。这一研究结果将有助于打开团队构成和团队创造力研究的新局面。     

Effect of color on expected and experienced refreshment, intensity, and liking of beverages

The effect of color on the expected and experienced refreshment, intensity, and liking of lemon, mint, and vanilla beverages was studied. Subjects rated the expected and actual taste of brown lemon and mint solutions as less refreshing than the tastes of differently colored solutions of the same flavor. However, the refreshment ratings (expected and actual) of the brown vanilla beverage were not different from those of the vanilla beverages of other colors. Liking ratings also depended on color in a manner similar to that of the refreshment ratings. Intensity ratings also varied with color. However, unlike when subjects smell solutions rather than taste them, colored solutions were not judged as more intense than colorless ones. In fact, the clear solutions were judged as strongest.     

从技术创新看负压封闭引流技术的发展

负压封闭引流技术(vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)是近几年来发展起来的一项新的创口引流技术,其操作方便,应用简单,在临床各个科室得到广泛应用和发展,作者介绍了这一新的引流技术的发展历史、技术原理及临床应用情况.并对负压封闭引流技术的创新特点和创新方法进行了简要论述及展望.     

The effect of intertrial food presentations on anticipatory goal-tracking in the rat

Four experiments examined the sensitivity of anticipatory goal-tracking in the rat to stimulus-food contingency. Contingency was manipulated by varying the probability of food delivery in the absence of a food-tray-light or clicker conditional stimulus (CS), while holding constant the probability of food coincident with the CS. CS control of anticipatory food tray investigation was examined after a period of context extinction in all experiments. Acquisition of stimulus control was undermined by the scheduling of intertrial food deliveries (Experiment 1). The rate of intertrial food deliveries influenced subsequent acquisition of CS control when all intertrial food deliveries were omitted (Experiment 2). When intertrial food deliveries were added to the training regimen subsequent to acquisition of CS control, that control was impaired (Experiments 3 and 4).     

Flavour liking and preference conditioned by caffeine in humans

When caffeine consumers repeatedly experience a novel flavoured drink containing caffeine, the rated pleasantness of the drink flavour increases progressively. These results could be interpreted in terms of the flavour acting as a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS) predicting the consequences of caffeine ingestion. However, all studies of this phenomenon to date have used between-subjects designs, and one criticism of this is that changes in pleasantness might have arisen from nonspecific effects. A more rigorous test is to examine changes in pleasantness for two drinks, a CS+ flavour paired with caffeine and CS- paired with placebo. Accordingly, 20 moderate caffeine consumers consumed both CS+ and CS- drinks in counterbalanced order over eight conditioning trials at breakfast, with hedonic and sensory characteristics evaluated on each trial. As predicted, the rated pleasantness of the CS+ drink increased whereas pleasantness of the CS- drink did not change. Despite this, participants did not have an overall preference for the CS+ flavour posttraining. However, both those who chose the CS+ and those who chose the CS- at the end showed the same direction and rate of change in pleasantness for the two drinks during training, but spurious differences in baseline preference obscured this effect in terms of an overall change in preference. Overall these data suggest that changes in pleasantness of drinks paired with caffeine delivery are best explained in terms of Pavlovian associations between drink flavour and the postingestive effects of caffeine.     

The role of context in intertrial interval effects in autoshaping

Two experiments evaluated the role of differential conditioning of the context in mediating the effect of intertrial interval (ITI) in autoshaping. In Experiment 1 pigeons were given acquisition with two keylights, each presented in a particular context. A given keylight/context combination had associated with it either a short (10-sec) or a long (2-min) ITI. Acquisition was more rapid with the long ITI. Tests with those keylights in a common third context indicated that the longer ITI had resulted in greater conditioning. On the other hand, pigeons trained on keylights with mixed ITIs in a third context evoked more responding when they were tested in the short ITI context compared with the long ITI context. That suggests that a context with a history of a short ITI enhances performance. In Experiment 2, two keylights were initially conditioned with mixed ITIs and then extinguished in different contexts under different ITI lengths. Extinction was more rapid for the keylight presented with a short ITI. That difference persisted when the keylights were tested with mixed ITIs in a common third context, suggesting a difference in associative strength of the keylights. The results are interpreted in terms of differential context conditioning resulting in differences in learning about the keylight.