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491.
Adam Hampshire Russell Thompson John Duncan Adrian M. Owen 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(1):103-112
In the human brain, a network of frontal and parietal regions is commonly recruited during tasks that demand the deliberate,
focused control of thought and action. Previously, using a simple target detection task, we reported striking differences
in the selectivity of the BOLD response in anatomically distinct subregions of this network. In particular, it was observed
that the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) followed a tightly tuned function, selectively responding only to the current
target object. Here, we examine this functional specialization further, using adapted versions of our original task. Our results
demonstrate that the response of the right IFG to targets is a strong and replicable phenomenon. It occurs under increased
attentional load, when targets and distractors are equally frequent, and when controlling for inhibitory processes. These
findings support the hypothesis that the right IFG responds selectively to those items that are of the most relevance to the
currently intended task schema. 相似文献
492.
Duncan Pritchard 《Synthese》2009,166(2):397-412
This paper explores the question of whether there is an interesting form of specifically epistemic relativism available, a position which can lend support to claims of a broadly relativistic nature but which is not committed
to relativism about truth. It is argued that the most plausible rendering of such a view turns out not to be the radical thesis
that it is often represented as being. 相似文献
493.
Duncan Lauren E. Wentworth Phyllis A. Owen-Smith Ashli LaFavor Theresa 《Sex roles》2002,47(5-6):237-247
We examined midlife educational, career, and family outcomes of women who attended prestigious women's colleges in the 1960s. One college had a coeducational learning environment (CLE), the other was a single-sex environment (SLE). We hypothesized that in CLEs, exposure to men's standards of achievement might have resulted in greater educational and career status outcomes but more discrimination; in SLEs, there might have been fewer opportunities to engage with men intellectually, which could lead to lesser educational and career status outcomes, but the environment might have felt more supportive. Graduates of both colleges were very accomplished 30 years after graduation; however, those who had experienced a CLE reported more sexism and more active involvement in the women's movement than SLE graduates. 相似文献
494.
McCarthy PM Renner AM Duncan MG Duran ND Lightman EJ McNamara DS 《Behavior research methods》2008,40(3):647-664
Four experiments were conducted to assess two models of topic sentencehood identification: the derived model and the free model. According to the derived model, topic sentences are identified in the context of the paragraph and in terms of how well each sentence in the paragraph captures the paragraph's theme. In contrast, according to the free model, topic sentences can be identified on the basis of sentential features without reference to other sentences in the paragraph (i.e., without context). The results of the experiments suggest that human raters can identify topic sentences both with and without the context of the other sentences in the paragraph. Another goal of this study was to develop computational measures that approximated each of these models. When computational versions were assessed, the results for the free model were promising; however, the derived model results were poor. These results collectively imply that humans' identification of topic sentences in context may rely more heavily on sentential features than on the relationships between sentences in a paragraph. 相似文献
495.
Achieving ego integrity: Personality development in late midlife 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cynthia M. Torges Abigail J. Stewart Lauren E. Duncan 《Journal of research in personality》2008,42(4):1004-1019
Using data from two longitudinal studies of educated white women, we explored precursors and correlates of ego integrity versus despair, which is the last developmental stage in Erikson’s theory of adult development. The women comprising Study 1 graduated from Smith College in 1964 (N = 42); the women comprising Study 2 graduated from Radcliffe College also in 1964 (N = 50). In both studies, hierarchical regressions indicated that women who had resolved their regrets at age 53 achieved higher levels of ego integrity at age 62, and those who had resolved their regrets at age 62 also had higher concurrent levels of ego integrity. Further, in study 2, generativity at age 53 was found to predict ego integrity at age 62. 相似文献
496.
Caperchione C Lauder W Kolt GS Duncan MJ Mummery WK 《Psychology, health & medicine》2008,13(4):471-482
This study investigated the association between social capital and health related quality of life in a sample of Australian adults. Information was collected from a sample of adults in Queensland, Australia relating to health status, health related quality of life and related social determinants of health by computer-assisted-telephone-interview survey. Significant associations were observed between social capital and physical health when adjusting for selected demographic measures. No significant association was observed between social capital and mental health. The research produced equivocal results regarding the associations between social capital and the selected measures of health-related quality of life. Evidence is presented in support of the association between social capital and physical health status, whereas no associations were observed between mental health status and social capital. The role and relationship between health and social capital remains elusive. More work is required to clearly support social capital's role in physical and mental health and well-being. 相似文献
497.
Duncan A. Carmichael Rebecca Smees Richard C. Shillcock Julia Simner 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2019,110(3):530-548
Synaesthesia has long been considered a benign alternative form of perception most often associated with positive rather than negative outcomes. The condition has been associated with a variety of cognitive and perceptual advantages, including benefits in memory, processing speed, and creativity. It is not currently recognized in the DSM‐IV. Recently, however, several studies have raised the question of a possible link between synaesthesia and clinical conditions. Here, we present the first large‐scale screening of the general population in which we (1) objectively identified grapheme‐colour synaesthetes and (2) elicited information from our participants about a range of clinical conditions. We compared the prevalence rates of these conditions in synaesthetes versus non‐synaesthetes to establish whether any conditions were found at a higher rate among synaesthetes. In our initial study, screening 3,742 people (95 synaesthetes and 3,647 controls), we found initially that grapheme‐colour was significantly comorbid with two conditions (anxiety disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder). In our second study, screening a new population of 120 synaesthetes and 166 non‐synaesthetes, we replicated our finding that grapheme‐colour synaesthesia is comorbid with anxiety disorder. At the same time, we also addressed a methodological concern that likely elevated rates of OCD in Study 1. We consider the aetiology of synaesthesia to determine whether there may be a shared genetic or neurological basis with anxiety disorder, and we question the status of synaesthesia within a mental health framework. 相似文献
498.
Generativity and authoritarianism assessed at age 52 were correlated with criterion variables assessed at age 62 in a sample of well-educated women (N = 81). Results indicated that generativity predicted positive personality characteristics, satisfaction with marriage and motherhood, and successful aging. By contrast, although authoritarianism is linked in the literature to endorsing traditional gender roles, authoritarianism was uncorrelated in the current study with happiness about marriage and was negatively related to perceptions of motherhood. Furthermore, authoritarianism was correlated with neuroticism later in life. These data suggest that midlife authoritarianism may be problematic as women transition from their 50s to their 60s. Midlife generativity, in contrast, seems to offer one path to life satisfaction. 相似文献
499.
Duncan Pritchard 《Synthese》2007,158(3):273-275
I introduce the topic of this special issue of Synthese, and give an overview of the articles collected here. 相似文献
500.
Of Mice and Men: Natural Kinds of Emotions in the Mammalian Brain? A Response to Panksepp and Izard 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lisa Feldman Barrett Kristen A. Lindquist Eliza Bliss-Moreau Seth Duncan Maria Gendron Jennifer Mize Lauren Brennan 《Perspectives on Psychological Science》2007,2(3):297-312
ABSTRACT— For almost 5 decades, the scientific study of emotion has been guided by the assumption that categories such as anger, sadness, and fear cut nature at its joints. Barrett (2006a) provided a comprehensive review of the empirical evidence from the study of emotion in humans and concluded that this assumption has outlived its usefulness. Panksepp and Izard have written lengthy papers (published in this issue) containing complementary but largely nonoverlapping criticisms of Barrett (2006a) . In our response, we address three of their concerns. First, we discuss the value of correlational versus experimental studies for evaluating the natural-kind model of emotion and refute the claim that the evidence offered in Barrett (2006a) was merely correlational. Second, we take up the issue of whether or not there is evidence for "coherently organized neural circuits" for natural kinds of emotions in the mammalian brain and counter the claim that Barrett (2006a) ignored crucial evidence for existence of discrete emotions as natural kinds. Third, we address Panksepp and Izard's misconceptions of an alternative view, the conceptual act model of emotion, that was briefly discussed in Barrett (2006a) . Finally, we end the article with some thoughts on how to move the scientific study of emotion beyond the debate over whether or not emotions are natural kinds. 相似文献