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121.
Reconciliation in primates, a post-conflict affiliative interaction between former opponents, appears to have two functions:
(1) to repair relationship damaged by aggression such that animals who share more valuable relationships are more likely to
reconcile, and (2) to reduce the post-conflict uncertainty and stress of former combatants. The 'integrated hypothesis' of
reconciliation links these functions by arguing that the disturbance of a valuable relationship by aggression should result
in particularly high levels of stress, which in turn should facilitate efforts to reconcile and thus gain relief from post-conflict
stress. A key prediction of the integrated hypothesis is that victims of aggression suffer more stress following conflicts
with individuals with whom they share a valuable relationship. In this article, we test the integrated hypothesis by observing
the post-conflict behaviour of victims among a free-ranging provisioned troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata) living in Shiga Heights, Nagano, Japan. In this troop, monkeys reconciled roughly one in seven conflicts. The only factor
that we could significantly relate to the occurrence of reconciliation was kinship; kin reconciled more frequently than non-kin
did. Receiving aggression increased and reconciliation reduced the probability of being re-attacked after aggressive interactions,
supporting the hypothesis that reconciliation repairs relationships. Victims' self-directed behaviour (SDB) – a behavioural
index of stress comprising increases in scratching, self-grooming, and body-shaking – was elevated following aggression but
decreased rapidly following reconciliation, supporting the idea that reconciliation functions to reduce post-conflict stress.
Post-conflict SDB varied as follows: (1) victims showed a higher level of stress following aggression with kin than with non-kin,
and (2) juvenile victims were less distressed than adults. The level of post-conflict SDB performed by juveniles following
conflicts with kin was indistinguishable from that performed by adults but was greatly reduced following attacks from non-kin.
These results indicate that post-conflict SDB keenly reflects the value of relationships between opponents, and that the post-conflict
behaviour of free-ranging Japanese macaques fits the predictions of the integrated hypothesis.
Accepted after revision: 11 September 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
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John Duncan 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1983,34(3):221-232
In the experiment of Jonides and Gleitman (1972), subjects searched displays of digits or letters for single, specified digit or letter targets. The slope of the function relating reaction time to display size was positive (mean=25 msec/item) if target and nontargets belonged to the same alphanumeric category (within-category search), but zero if target and nontargets belonged to different categories (between-category search). This held even for the target O, whose categorical relationship to nontargets was determined entirely by the name it was given. In the present paper, two attempted replications are reported, one as close as practically possible. For the unambiguous targets A, Z, 2, and 4, slopes were greater in within-category search than in between-category search, but positive and very variable in both cases. For the ambiguous target O, slopes were identical in within-category and between-category search, and again positive. The results suggest that with single, specified targets, differences between within-category and between-category search may be due entirely to variation in the average physical resemblance between target and nontargets. In line with previous findings, they show that one cannot characterize within-category search as generally “serial” and between-category search as generally “parallel.” 相似文献
125.
J Duncan 《Perception & psychophysics》1983,33(6):533-547
126.
The operation of a “speaker-state signal” in two-person, face-to-face conversations is hypothesized. Display of this signal by an auditor appears to indicate, among other things, that he is claiming the speaking turn, differentiating this action from a “back-channel behavior” by which he merely acknowledges some portion of the speaker's message. The signal also appears to play a part in the resolution of situations in which both participants simultaneously claim the speaking turn. The signal is defined as the display of at least one of a set of four behavioral cues, two in paralanguage and two in body motion. 相似文献
127.
Assume that each presentation of a signal produces two independent random variable representations and that the ratio of responses on successive trials of a magnitude estimation experiment are proportional to the ratio of a representation from the present trial, which representation is then lost, to the remaining one from the previous trial. The mean response to a particular signal depends on the mean of the representation used, but in general exhibits drift over trials and sequential effects due to the preceeding trial; the mean response ratio does not exhibit drift, but it has a simple form only when there are no sequential effects; however, a modified mean ratio function has a simple form. A model suggested by D. V. Cross is a special case of this one. Simple timing and counting models for the representations fail to exhibit sequential effects, contrary to considerable data. However, data of the authors have suggested a version of the timing model in which the sample size of the representation varies by an order of magnitude depending on how close the signal is to the preceding one; this hypothesis accounts for the observed sequential effects and other aspects of the data. 相似文献
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Depression and health behavior of adolescents 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1