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991.
Guest D Kent C Adelman JS 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2010,36(6):1609-1630
Nosofsky (1983) reported that additional stimulus presentations within a trial increase discriminability in absolute identification, suggesting that each presentation creates an independent stimulus representation, but it remains unclear whether exposure duration or the formation of independent representations improves discrimination in such conditions. Experiment 1 replicated Nosofsky's result. Experiments 2 (masking the ISI between two-presentations) and 3 (manipulating stimulus duration without changing number of presentations or overall trial duration) ruled out an explanation in terms of extended opportunities for stimulus sampling, from either a sensory buffer during additional ISIs or increased stimulus exposure, respectively. Experiment 4 (comparing two and three-presentations, other factors controlled) provided some limited additional support for Nosofsky's original claim that additional stimulus presentations can create either independent or duplicate representations. Experiments 5 and 6 (both manipulating ISI) demonstrated that a key factor in the additional stimulus presentation effect is the overall trial duration. We discuss the results in relation to models of absolute identification, their relative emphasis on stimulus sampling versus response selection, and the mechanisms by which duplicate representations could be created. 相似文献
992.
How do people interleave attention when multitasking? One dominant account is that the completion of a subtask serves as a cue to switch tasks. But what happens if switching solely at subtask boundaries led to poor performance? We report a study in which participants manually dialed a UK‐style telephone number while driving a simulated vehicle. If the driver were to exclusively return his or her attention to driving after completing a subtask (i.e., using the single break in the xxxxx‐xxxxxx representational structure of the number), then we would expect to see a relatively poor driving performance. In contrast, our results show that drivers choose to return attention to steering control before the natural subtask boundary. A computational modeling analysis shows that drivers had to adopt this strategy to meet the required performance objective of maintaining an acceptable lateral position in the road while dialing. Taken together these results support the idea that people can strategically control the allocation of attention in multitask settings to meet specific performance criteria. 相似文献
993.
Tal Carthy Netta Horesh Alan Apter James J. Gross 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(1):23-36
Emotion dysregulation is believed to be a key factor in anxiety disorders. However, the empirical basis for this view is limited,
particularly in children and adolescents. This study aimed to examine whether anxious children display negative emotional
hyper-reactivity and deficits in emotion regulation, using a new task that presents ambiguous situations with potentially
threatening meanings. Forty-nine children diagnosed with either generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety, or separation
anxiety disorder, were compared with 42 non-anxious controls. Relative to controls, anxious children demonstrated (a) greater
intensity and frequency of negative emotional responses, (b) deficits in using reappraisal in negative emotional situations
and corresponding deficits in reappraisal self-efficacy, and (c) greater reliance on emotion regulation strategies that increase
the risk of functional impairment, intense negative emotion, and low emotion regulation self-efficacy. Implications for the
assessment and treatment of childhood anxiety are discussed. 相似文献
994.
995.
Miller GD Iverson KM Kemmelmeier M Maclane C Pistorello J Fruzzetti AE Crenshaw KY Erikson KM Katrichak BM Oser M Pruitt LD Watkins MM 《Professional psychology, research and practice》2010,41(3):228-235
Psychotherapists often experience stress while providing psychotherapy, in particular when working with difficult presentations such as suicidality. As part of a larger study on the treatment of recently suicidal college students with borderline traits, 6 therapists in training collected their own salivary samples for alpha-amylase (AA) and cortisol (C) analyses immediately before and after sessions with 2 selected clients. On average, samples were collected for the same therapist-patient dyad throughout the year-long study to ensure that data reflected therapist responses across stages of treatment. Therapists also completed a working alliance questionnaire and rated perceived session difficulty immediately after each selected session. Contrary to expectations, therapists demonstrated elevated levels of stress as measured by AA and C at presession relative to postsession levels. Greater session difficulty was related to more pronounced declines in AA, whereas a stronger working alliance was linked to more pronounced reductions in C. Results suggest that physiological stress responses while working with recently suicidal clients with borderline traits occur primarily in terms of session anticipatory anxiety, whereas AA and C changes may be affected differently by factors such as session difficulty and working alliance. This is a pilot study, limited by its sample size, but the design, findings, and inclusion of physiological measures present an initial step in an essential line of research. 相似文献
996.
Nicholas Nash Alan Lewis Christine Griffin 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2010,20(1):44-56
Strategies aimed at reducing land use conflict often stress the need to make planning decisions more democratic. However, this goal is obstructed by overly‐narrow conceptual perspectives that neglect the symbolic significance of place. We illustrate this by examining place names, which function as repositories of socio‐political meaning. Drawing on elements of discursive and rhetorical psychology and subject positioning theory, we investigated the variety of meanings associated with place names in the context of a proposed housing development in Swindon, in the South of England. Thirty interviews with different stakeholders were conducted to gauge their opinions towards the proposal. Noting differences in the way the proposed site was named, we analysed the range of meanings associated with each name in relation to participants' stances towards development. Our results show how, in naming place, spatial meanings are negotiated and contested in ways that support contrasting political objectives. We conclude that planning professionals should exercise greater sensitivity towards existing spatial meanings, especially place names. In addition, socio‐political understandings of subjective spatial relationships can serve as a basis for achieving more productive dialogue and improving development designs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
997.
The right to withdraw from participation in research is recognized in virtually all national and international guidelines for research on human subjects. It is therefore surprising that there has been little justification for that right in the literature. We argue that the right to withdraw should protect research participants from information imbalance, inability to hedge, inherent uncertainty, and untoward bodily invasion, and it serves to bolster public trust in the research enterprise. Although this argument is not radical, it provides a useful way to determine how the right should be applied in various cases. 相似文献
998.
Geoffrey J. Iverson Michael D. Lee Eric-Jan Wagenmakers 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2010,17(2):270-272
In their reply, Lecoutre and Killeen (2010) argue for a random effects version of prep, in which the observed effect from one experiment is used to predict the probability that an effect from a different but
related experiment will have the same sign. They present a figure giving the impression that this version of prep accurately predicts the probability of replication. We show that their results are incorrect and conceptually limited, even
when corrected. We then present a meaningful evaluation of the random effects prep as a predictor and find that, as with the fixed effects prep, it performs very poorly. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Alan Levin 《Axiomathes》2010,20(4):423-437
We develop a general method for applying functional models to natural systems and cite recent progress in protein modeling
that demonstrates the power of this approach. Functional modeling constrains the range of acceptable structural models of
a system, reduces the difficulty of finding them, and improves their fidelity. However, functional models are distinctly different
from the structural models that are more commonly applied in science. In particular, structural and functional models ask
different questions and provide different kinds of answers. As we clarify these differences and articulate how to use these
models jointly, we extend our ability to do science and gain insight into the proper use of the terms organization, order, and emergence when describing systems in nature. 相似文献