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211.
Behavior Genetics: What's New? What's Next? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
What's new in behavior genetics? With widespread acceptance that nearly all behavioral variation reflects some genetic influence, current studies are investigating developmental changes in the nature and magnitude of genetic and environmental effects, the extent to which different behaviors are influenced by common genes, and different forms of gene-environment correlation and interaction. New designs, focused on assessment of unrelated children in the same households or neighborhood environments, and use of measured environmental variables within genetically informative designs, are yielding more incisive evidence of common environmental effects on behavior. What will be next? Behavior genetic techniques and analyses will be used to inform efforts to find genes altering susceptibility for disorder and dispositional genes affecting behavioral variation. The developing integration of behavioral and molecular genetics will identify genes influencing specific behavioral variation and enhance understanding of how they do so. Psychologists will play a pivotal role in communicating that understanding to the public and in facilitating consideration of the inevitable ethical issues then to be confronted. 相似文献
212.
Compensatory Control: Achieving Order Through the Mind, Our Institutions, and the Heavens 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aaron C. Kay Jennifer A. Whitson Danielle Gaucher Adam D. Galinsky 《Current directions in psychological science》2009,18(5):264-268
ABSTRACT— We propose that people protect the belief in a controlled, nonrandom world by imbuing their social, physical, and metaphysical environments with order and structure when their sense of personal control is threatened. We demonstrate that when personal control is threatened, people can preserve a sense of order by (a) perceiving patterns in noise or adhering to superstitions and conspiracies, (b) defending the legitimacy of the sociopolitical institutions that offer control, or (c) believing in an interventionist God. We also present evidence that these processes of compensatory control help people cope with the anxiety and discomfort that lacking personal control fuels, that it is lack of personal control specifically and not general threat or negativity that drives these processes, and that these various forms of compensatory control are ultimately substitutable for one another. Our model of compensatory control offers insight into a wide variety of phenomena, from prejudice to the idiosyncratic rituals of professional athletes to societal rituals around weddings, graduations, and funerals. 相似文献
213.
This study tested if children with specific language impairment (SLI) or children with specific reading disability (SRD) have abnormal brain responses to sounds. We tested 6‐ to 12‐year‐old children with SLI (N =19), children with SRD (N =55), and age‐matched controls (N =36) for their passive auditory event‐related potentials (ERPs) to tones, rapid tones, vowels and consonant‐vowels. Thirty‐eight percent of the children with SLI or SRD had less typical passive auditory ERPs in the N1–P2 window to sounds in general, rather than to tones, rapid tones, vowels or consonant‐vowels specifically. The ERPs of these children were significantly ‘flatter’ in the N1–P2 region than normal. All the children with flatter ERPs in the N1–P2 region had poor non‐word reading. A subgroup of these poor non‐word readers also had poor non‐word repetition. These findings support the hypothesis that impaired auditory processing is a causal risk factor for both SLI and SRD. 相似文献
214.
Eric D. Wesselmann Danielle Bagg Kipling D. Williams 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(6):1308-1311
Ostracism—being ignored and excluded—is a painful experience with negative psychological consequences. Social psychologists (
[Kerr and Levine, 2008]
and
[Spoor and Williams, 2007]
) argue humans have an evolved system for automatically detecting cues of ostracism and exclusion. Detection elicits pain and threats to fundamental needs. We hypothesize simply observing ostracism will cause negative affect and need threat in the observer. Participants observed a three-player Cyberball game; a target player was included or ostracized, and participants were either instructed to take the perspective of this player or given no such instructions. Participants observing ostracism reported negative affect and need threat. Our results indicate that ostracism detection is even more powerful than previously suggested, because vicariously, we feel the pain of others’ ostracism as our own. 相似文献
215.
Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck Danielle C. Lees Graham L. Bradley Ellen A. Skinner 《Motivation and emotion》2009,33(2):136-149
An analogue methodology was used to present a set of realistic, salient stressors to children in grades 3, 5, and 7. Children
(N = 146) viewed eight videotaped vignettes depicting interpersonal and non-interpersonal stressors; these were expected to
differentially threaten psychological needs for relatedness, competence and autonomy and provoke different emotional reactions.
Analyses showed that scenarios portrayed stressors that were commonly experienced by children and evoked a differentiated
profile of appraisals and emotions. When tenets of the motivational theory of stress and coping were tested, scenarios more
threatening to needs were more distressing, sadness was linked to relatedness and competence threat appraisals, and fear was
a more common reaction to parent stressors that involved dyadic conflict. After accounting for threat appraisals and previous
experience of stressors, younger children and girls appraised events as more distressing than older children and boys. Future
research could use the analogue procedure to focus on children’s development of regulation and coping with stress. 相似文献
216.
在当前数学实践中,数学知识(如果有这样的知识的话)是通过在定义和公理的基础上证明定理来获得的。问题在于该怎样理解证明中所得到的东西是如何构成知识的,具体而言,即是要给出一个关于数学真理和数学知识的统一的解释,该解释能够揭示两者的内在联系。此处的困难是,根据贝纳塞拉夫的为人熟知的论证,由于塔斯基语义学认为真与对象的联系(通过单称词项或通过量词)是不可消去的,因此在数学中无法将塔斯基语义学与完整的认识论相结合:数学知识要么是通过证明得到的,这种情况下数学知识与数学对象是无关的,因此我们就无法解释数学真理;要么数学对象是数学真理的构件,从而数学知识不是通过证明得到的,这种情况下我们就无从理解数学知识。接着,本文通过一系列阶段,将这些困难一直追溯到最基本的逻辑观念,即将之看作形式的和纯粹解释性的:如果数学是从概念出发仅仅使用逻辑的推理实践,依照康德,那么数学应该是分析的,也即,仅仅是解释性的,根本就不是通常意义上的知识。我认为,这对数学真理是真正困难的问题。本文概括了四种回应,其中仅有一个有希望解决我们的困难,也即皮尔斯和弗雷格的回应。根据他们的方案,逻辑是科学,因此是实验性的和可错的;符号语言是有内容的,尽管并不涉及与任何对象的关联;证明是构成性的,因此是富于产出的过程。通过充分发展这些观点,我们将有可能最终解决数学真理的问题。 相似文献
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220.
Do Additional Features Help or Hurt Category Learning? The Curse of Dimensionality in Human Learners
The curse of dimensionality, which has been widely studied in statistics and machine learning, occurs when additional features cause the size of the feature space to grow so quickly that learning classification rules becomes increasingly difficult. How do people overcome the curse of dimensionality when acquiring real‐world categories that have many different features? Here we investigate the possibility that the structure of categories can help. We show that when categories follow a family resemblance structure, people are unaffected by the presence of additional features in learning. However, when categories are based on a single feature, they fall prey to the curse, and having additional irrelevant features hurts performance. We compare and contrast these results to three different computational models to show that a model with limited computational capacity best captures human performance across almost all of the conditions in both experiments. 相似文献