惩罚对学习时间分配中决策与绩效的影响*

学习时间分配中的学习决策及其如何影响后续学习绩效是学习心理研究的重要领域。但对惩罚学习条件下,学习者是如何调整学习策略的,以及这种调整与后续学习绩效之间的关系尚不明确。本研究发现,奖励和惩罚条件下,参与者都会更多地选择高分的项目进行学习。在学习时间分配上,奖励组和惩罚组都倾向于将时间更多地分配到困难和高分的项目。但惩罚条件下参与者对低分项目的选择比例显著低于奖励条件,这表明惩罚影响学习者的学习策略。而且惩罚条件也影响低分且容易项目的学习效率。有趣的是,奖励和惩罚虽然对学习策略产生影响,却对学习绩效影响不显著,这表明在不同的学习条件下,不同的学习策略可以获得相似的学习成绩。     

A Comparison of Multilevel Imputation Schemes for Random Coefficient Models: Fully Conditional Specification and Joint Model Imputation with Random Covariance Matrices

Abstract

Literature addressing missing data handling for random coefficient models is particularly scant, and the few studies to date have focused on the fully conditional specification framework and “reverse random coefficient” imputation. Although it has not received much attention in the literature, a joint modeling strategy that uses random within-cluster covariance matrices to preserve cluster-specific associations is a promising alternative for random coefficient analyses. This study is apparently the first to directly compare these procedures. Analytic results suggest that both imputation procedures can introduce bias-inducing incompatibilities with a random coefficient analysis model. Problems with fully conditional specification result from an incorrect distributional assumption, whereas joint imputation uses an underparameterized model that assumes uncorrelated intercepts and slopes. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that biases from these issues are tolerable if the missing data rate is 10% or lower and the sample is composed of at least 30 clusters with 15 observations per group. Furthermore, fully conditional specification tends to be superior with intraclass correlations that are typical of crosssectional data (e.g., ICC?=?.10), whereas the joint model is preferable with high values typical of longitudinal designs (e.g., ICC?=?.50).     

CLARION模型：内隐与外显技能学习的整合

CLARION是一个与其它认知理论明显不同的计算认知模型,它可用来研究内隐和外显学习交互作用的各种定量数据。通过对经典内隐学习任务（如系列反应时任务、加工控制任务及其他高级认知加工任务）的模拟实验,在与人类实验数据的拟合上,CLARION展示出比以往认知模型更好的性能。它主要有两个特征：一是对内隐学习和外显学习的整合,二是对自下而上加工的强调。近几年,CLARION模型在理论和实践上都有较大进展。文章简要评述了CLARION模型,并围绕此模型介绍了学界有关内隐和外显加工交互作用的探索     

无决策成分的靶记忆与源记忆的加工深度比较

本研究通过两个实验来比较源记忆和靶记忆的难度。实验一比较两种记忆提取阶段的事件相关电位（ERPs）。实验二设置较高的成功标准,比较两者达标所需的时间,以此比较它们的难度。在实验一中,被试先进行项目记忆任务,接着进行源记忆任务（从两位虚拟人处接收项目,并记住项目的来源）和靶记忆任务（向两位虚拟人递送项目,并记住项目的去向）。源记忆和靶记忆的测试阶段要求被试再认项目的源或靶,并记录提取阶段的脑电。结果显示,虽然源记忆与靶记忆的正确率没有显著差异,但是在正确提取的ERP中观察到,两者与回想有关的LPC之间有边缘显著差异（靶记忆比源记忆更趋正向,且在顶区差异最明显）,这说明在回想上,靶记忆可能比源记忆需要更深的加工。实验二将源记忆和靶记忆结合在同一个任务中,要求被试反复尝试,直至两种记忆的正确率都达到较高的成功标准（近90%）。结果进一步证实,源记忆的加工水平深于源记忆。     

语言的群体间偏差研究

个体在用语言来描述他人的行为时,会因为描述对象的群体种类不同而有偏差,具体表现为在描述群体内成员的积极行为和群体外成员的负向行为时,会使用较高抽象水平的词;在描述群体外成员的积极行为和群体内成员的负向行为时,会使用较低抽象水平的词。这种抽象水平的差异由语言范畴模型来具体表明。Maass等人把这种描述上的偏差命名为语言的群体间偏差。并认为在这一现象下有两种机制：动机机制和认知机制,研究表明认知机制能解释大部分语言的群体间偏差现象,而动机机制会在群体内形象受到威胁时发挥作用。     

中国传统文化取向管理人员的成败归因风格研究

选用台湾杨国枢先生编制的《传统性量表》和自编《管理成败归因风格问卷》,随机选取542名企业管理人员,调查研究中国传统文化取向管理人员的成败归因风格特征。研究发现：1）“孝亲敬祖”和“宿命自保”文化取向的人,成功外归因的倾向显著地高于成功内归因倾向。2）“男性优越”、“权威守成”、“宿命自保”文化取向的人,失败不可控外归因倾向显著地高于失败内归因倾向。     

Depressive Symptoms among Children with ODD: Contributions of Parent and Child Risk Factors in a Chinese Sample

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a developmental disorder characterized by serious and persistent social impairment, especially stressful interactions with parents. Although previous studies demonstrated associations between parent mental health and children’s ODD symptoms, less attention has been paid to integrating both parent and child risk factors. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the associations among parent emotion regulation, child emotion regulation, parental depression, and child depression in Chinese children with ODD. A total of 234 children with ODD ranging in age from 6 to 13 years, along with their fathers or mothers, completed questionnaires. Results indicated that: (1) Parent emotion regulation, parental depression and child emotion regulation were significantly correlated with children’s depressive symptoms. (2) Parent emotion regulation was related to children’s depression indirectly through parental depression and child emotion regulation. (3) Child emotion regulation fully mediated the relationship between parent emotion regulation and child depression, and also fully mediated the relationship between parental and child depression. These findings highlight the need to improve parent emotion regulation and pay attention to parental mental health, because both risk factors may exacerbate their children’s emotion regulation difficulties and further associate the high level of depressive symptoms among children with ODD.     

Masked translation priming effects with low proficient bilinguals

Non-cognate masked translation priming lexical decision studies with unbalanced bilinguals suggest that masked translation priming effects are asymmetric as a function of the translation direction (significant effects only in the dominant [L1] to nondominant [L2] language translation direction). However, in contrast to the predictions of most current accounts of masked translation priming effects, bidirectional effects have recently been reported with a group of low proficient bilinguals Duyck & Warlop 2009 (Experimental Psychology 56:173–179). In a series of masked translation priming lexical decision experiments we examined whether the same pattern of effects would emerge with late and low proficient Greek (L1)–Spanish (L2) bilinguals. Contrary to the results obtained by Duyck and Warlop, and in line with the results found in most studies in the masked priming literature, significant translation priming effects emerged only when the bilinguals performed the task with L1 primes and L2 targets. The existence of the masked translation priming asymmetry with low proficient bilinguals suggests that cross-linguistic automatic lexico-semantic links may be established very early in the process of L2 acquisition. These findings could help to define models of bilingualism that consider L2 proficiency level to be a determining factor.     

The appeal of vague financial forecasts

Prior findings suggest managers often choose ranges to communicate uncertainty in future earnings. We analyzed earnings forecasts over 11 years and find higher earnings uncertainty firms are more likely to choose range estimates. We study investors’ attitudes to forecast precision and argue investors’ evaluations of forecasts can be explained by a sequential non-compensatory two-stage process – First, investors determine whether a point or a range estimate is more appropriate for a particular domain based on the congruence principle. Then, they seek the most precise reasonable range to maximize informativeness. Results from three experiments indicate the preference for (im)precision is non-monotonic – it peaks for low levels of imprecision and diminishes when the range gets wider, and is consistent with participants’ desire for congruent and informative estimates, and supports the claim that investors favor forecasts that are as precise as warranted by the information available, but not more precise.