When an Object Appears Unexpectedly: Object Circumvention in Adults

Obstacles often appear unexpectedly in our pathway and these require us to make immediate adjustments. Despite how regularly we encounter such situations only few studies have considered how we adjust to unexpected obstacles in the pathway that require us to walk around them. The authors considered how adults adjust to the possibility of an obstacle appearing and then also how foot placement is adjusted to circumvent an obstacle. Fifteen healthy adults walked down an 11-m walkway, initially they were told this was a clear pathway and nothing in the environment would change (no gate), they then performed a series of trials in which a gate may (gate close) or may not (gate open) partially obstruct their pathway. The authors found that mediolateral trunk velocity and acceleration was significantly increased when there was the possibility of an obstacle but before the obstacle appeared. This demonstrates an adaptive walking strategy that seems to enable healthy young adults to successfully circumvent obstacles. The authors also categorized foot placement adjustments and found that adults favored making shorter and wider steps away from the obstacle. They suggest this combination of adjustments allows participants to maintain stability while successfully circumventing the obstacle.     

英语阅读中单词注释对词汇学习的影响研究

本研究以中学生为被试,探讨了英语阅读过程中不同形式的单词注释对词汇学习的影响。结果发现：中文注释与英文注释对词汇获得的影响视不同学习水平与学习进程而异;阅读前、阅读中或阅读后呈现注释对词汇获得也具有不同的作用机制。     

积极心理学在戒毒人员团体辅导中的应用

戒毒人员的心理干预与矫治正日益受到重视。积极心理学关注人们发掘自身的积极品质和积极力量,戒毒人员同样拥有的积极力量。本研究对上海市某强制隔离戒毒所的戒毒人员开展了以积极心理学为理论基础的团体心理辅导。团体辅导之后,实验组在正性情感和乐观上的得分都显著高于团体辅导前,对照组在团体辅导前后则没有显著变化。可见,将积极心理学应用于戒毒人员的团体辅导具有积极意义,团体辅导是一种有效的戒毒心理矫治方式。     

论中国经济制度的宪法规范

经济立宪是现代宪法发展的重要推动力,对经济制度的规定也是现代宪法发展的重要特征之一,它对和平时期宪法经济功能的发挥起到了重要作用.从我国的立宪与行宪史来看,宪法中的经济制度规范不仅是我国宪法中的重要内容,而且对中国的当代经济制度变迁也起到了很强的推动作用,并呈现出三方面的基本特征,即与中国发展国情相联系的特色性,与中国现代化改革进程相联系的时代性,以及与中国现实发展相适应的恒定性.     

恒河猴对多边形边(角)数识别极限的实验研究

两只恒河猴在实验条件下以正多边形和不规则多边形的边数为刺激实体进行数量辨别训练,以最后测得恒河猴对多边形边(角)数识别的极限。实验结果表明,恒河猴在多边形边数相差为1的条件下,其辨别上限为7:8。这与以前以白色卡片上黑色圆点为刺激实体所得到的实验结果是一致的。     

儒学要与时代同行 须强化与西方文化的对话

本文是作者“儒学与西方文明”座谈会上的发言稿。作者认为,只有站在当今世界文明的高端．从中华民族今天的辉煌着眼。才能够把握儒家历史演进的全部意义和基本精神。各种文化形态的碰撞和交流。并没有扼杀以儒家为代表的民族精神,倒为我们提供了重新审视传统的良机。儒家以人为本的价值观。有久经历史考验的传统积累,不但应该在当前的国内发挥作用,而且有充分的理由影响世界。面对国内外基督教学术界提出的“孔耶”互补互利论、“文化神学”等种种论点,大陆的儒学界应该充分发挥学术的优势。为儒学的创新开辟新的局面。     

Children like dense neighborhoods: Orthographic neighborhood density effects in novel readers

Previous evidence with English beginning readers suggests that some orthographic effects, such as the orthographic neighborhood density effects, could be stronger for children than for adults. Particularly, children respond more accurately to words with many orthographic neighbors than to words with few neighbors. The magnitude of the effects for children is much higher than for adults, and some researchers have proposed that these effects could be progressively modulated according to reading expertise. The present paper explores in depth how children from 1st to 6th grade perform a lexical decision with words that are from dense or sparse orthographic neighborhoods, attending not only to accuracy measures, but also to response latencies, through a computer-controlled task. Our results reveal that children (like adults) show clear neighborhood density effects, and that these effects do not seem to depend on reading expertise. Contrarily to previous claims, the present work shows that orthographic neighborhood effects are not progressively modulated by reading skill. Further, these data strongly support the idea of a general language-independent preference for using the lexical route instead of grapheme-to-phoneme conversions, even in beginning readers. The implications of these results for developmental models in reading and for models in visual word recognition and orthographic encoding are discussed.     

基于愿望的儿童特质因果理解研究

本研究采用测验法,随机抽取60名42-93个月的儿童为被试,考察他们基于愿望的特质因果理解能力。结果显示:(1)从42个月起,儿童就可以根据特质信息进行行为预测和情绪预测,且随年龄增长,预测水平有显著提高;(2)儿童理解愿望的主观性是儿童进行情绪预测的前提。     

IAT范式下自尊内隐性的再证明

该研究用IAT测量了被试的内隐自尊,并通过操纵被试在不同的认知负荷条件下进行外显自我评价来考察外显自我评价和内隐自尊之间的关系。得到的结论是,在低认知负荷条件下进行外显自我评价时,外显自我评价和内隐自尊没有表现出一致性;在高认知负荷条件下进行外显自我评价时,外显自我评价和内隐自尊表现出一致性。该研究在IAT范式下表明了内隐自尊和外显自尊的分离,内隐自尊具有无意识性和自动化的特点。