阅读材料的呈现方式对儿童阅读活动的影响

本研究采用传统印刷文本、普通电子文本和超文本导航模式考察阅读材料的呈现方式对儿童阅读活动的影响.研究结果表明:(1)在三种呈现方式条件下,高阅读水平者的阅读成绩显著优于低水平者;女生成绩显著优于男生;(2)阅读材料的不同呈现方式对儿童阅读理解无显著影响;(3)在三种呈现方式中,儿童对超文本的正向评价要优于传统印刷文本和普通电子文本.这表明大部分儿童可以在短时间内接受,并熟悉非线性文本方式.     

论和谐社会中的经济正义

构建社会主义和谐社会,是我们的治国理想,而实现经济正义,则既是构建和谐社会的手段,也是构建和谐社会的目的.本文在探讨研究经济正义的重要意义的基础上,提出了实现经济正义的途径.     

儒学要与时代同行 须强化与西方文化的对话

本文是作者“儒学与西方文明”座谈会上的发言稿。作者认为,只有站在当今世界文明的高端．从中华民族今天的辉煌着眼。才能够把握儒家历史演进的全部意义和基本精神。各种文化形态的碰撞和交流。并没有扼杀以儒家为代表的民族精神,倒为我们提供了重新审视传统的良机。儒家以人为本的价值观。有久经历史考验的传统积累,不但应该在当前的国内发挥作用,而且有充分的理由影响世界。面对国内外基督教学术界提出的“孔耶”互补互利论、“文化神学”等种种论点,大陆的儒学界应该充分发挥学术的优势。为儒学的创新开辟新的局面。     

Children like dense neighborhoods: Orthographic neighborhood density effects in novel readers

Previous evidence with English beginning readers suggests that some orthographic effects, such as the orthographic neighborhood density effects, could be stronger for children than for adults. Particularly, children respond more accurately to words with many orthographic neighbors than to words with few neighbors. The magnitude of the effects for children is much higher than for adults, and some researchers have proposed that these effects could be progressively modulated according to reading expertise. The present paper explores in depth how children from 1st to 6th grade perform a lexical decision with words that are from dense or sparse orthographic neighborhoods, attending not only to accuracy measures, but also to response latencies, through a computer-controlled task. Our results reveal that children (like adults) show clear neighborhood density effects, and that these effects do not seem to depend on reading expertise. Contrarily to previous claims, the present work shows that orthographic neighborhood effects are not progressively modulated by reading skill. Further, these data strongly support the idea of a general language-independent preference for using the lexical route instead of grapheme-to-phoneme conversions, even in beginning readers. The implications of these results for developmental models in reading and for models in visual word recognition and orthographic encoding are discussed.     

Phonological awareness in young Chinese children

Two studies explored the nature of phonological awareness (PA) in Chinese. In Study 1, involving 146 children, awareness of phoneme onset did not differ from chance levels at ages 3-5 years in preschool but increased to 70% correct in first grade, when children first received phonological coding (Pinyin) instruction. Similarly, tone awareness was at better than chance levels from second year kindergarten (age 4), but increased strongly and significantly in first grade to 74% accuracy. In contrast, syllable and rime awareness increased gradually and steadily across ages 3-6 years. Patterns suggest different influences of age and literacy instruction for different PA levels. In Study 2, involving 202 preschoolers, variance in Chinese character recognition was best explained by tasks of syllable awareness, tone awareness, and speeded naming. Findings underscore the unique importance of both tone and syllable for early character acquisition in Chinese children.     

辩证思维降低攻击性倾向

辩证思维是一套根据变化原则、矛盾原理和整体论原理看待世界的思维模式。本研究从思维模式对攻击性影响的角度出发, 采用相关研究及启动范式探讨辩证思维对攻击性的影响。研究一是一个相关研究, 结果显示, 辩证思维与攻击性呈显著负相关。在研究二和研究三中, 操纵了辩证思维。在研究二中, 在启动被试的辩证思维后, 与控制组相比, 他们的攻击性行为倾向显著降低。在研究三中, 对控制组的指导语进行了修改并且增加了启动效应检查程序, 也获得了与研究二类似的结果, 即实验组被试的辩证思维量表得分显著提高, 而攻击性量表得分和攻击性行为倾向显著降低。通过中介效应分析, 也发现启动操作对攻击性的影响是通过增加辩证思维程度实现的。以上系列研究表明, 辩证思维可以降低攻击性行为倾向。     

儿童早期测量能力的发展

测量能力是儿童早期数学认知能力的一个重要方面,其中直接比较和非标准测量能力作为儿童早期测量能力发展的主要形式,在一定程度上代表着儿童早期测量能力的发展。本研究对92名3岁儿童的测量能力进行了为期一年的追踪研究,结果发现:(1)在3~4岁期间,儿童直接比较测量能力和非标准测量能力均得到显著发展,但直接比较测量能力的水平提高得更快;(2)儿童直接比较测量能力的年龄主效应、任务主效应以及年龄和任务的交互效应显著;(3)儿童非标准测量能力的年龄主效应和任务主效应均达到显著水平,非标准测量单位应用能力的水平显著高于非标准测量单位形成能力的水平。     

中国健康城市建设的进展及理论思考

中国健康城市的建设走过了探索和实质性发展两个阶段.它以健康促进的理念为指导,以"健康社会、健康环境、健康人群"为主线,成为了当前开展健康促进的典范.健康城市能呈现实质且快速发展的势头,政府主导是其重要的特点.它既符合中国社会文化背景和现状,也是以"上游策略"来解决全人群健康问题创新性举措.中国健康城市推行的深远意义在于,它为当前公共卫生体系建设赋予了先进的内涵,与世界卫生组织倡导的"健康促进曼谷宪章"的核心精神是完全相符的,成为了引领中国公共卫生汇入国际现代公共卫生运动的领头兵.但是,它的茁壮成长仍需要有远见的政治家的呵护和支持.     

基于愿望的儿童特质因果理解研究

本研究采用测验法,随机抽取60名42-93个月的儿童为被试,考察他们基于愿望的特质因果理解能力。结果显示:(1)从42个月起,儿童就可以根据特质信息进行行为预测和情绪预测,且随年龄增长,预测水平有显著提高;(2)儿童理解愿望的主观性是儿童进行情绪预测的前提。