略述山志在武当道教发展中的作用

目前,流传于世的武当山志共有九部.其中,元朝1部,即<武当福地总真集>(以下简称<总真集>);明朝4部,即<敕建大岳太和山志>(以下简称<任自垣志>)、<大岳志略>(以下简称<方升志>)、嘉靖三十年<大岳太和山志>(以下简称<王佐志>)、隆庆六年<大岳太和山志>(以下简称<卢重华志>);清朝1部,即<大岳太和山纪略>(以下简称<王概志>);民国时期2部,即<大岳太和山志>(以下简称<熊宾志>)、<武当风景记>(以下简称<风景记>);新中国成立后新方志1部,即<武当山志>.其基本情况见下表①:     

Precedence-effect-induced enhancement of prepulse inhibition in socially reared but not isolation-reared rats

Attention to a prepulse presented shortly before a startling stimulus enhances prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle in normal people, but not in schizophrenics. Fear conditioning for the prepulse enhances PPI in socially reared, but not isolation-reared, rats. In humans, selective attention to acoustic signals against masking can be facilitated by precedence-effect-induced perceived spatial separation between the signal and the masker. This study investigated whether perceived spatial separation between a prepulse and a noise masker enhances PPI in socially reared rats and isolation-reared rats. The results show that both PPI and conditioning-induced PPI enhancement were larger in socially reared rats than in isolation-reared rats. More important, in socially reared, but not isolation-reared, rats, a further PPI enhancement was induced by precedence-effect-induced perceived separation between a prepulse and a masker only after the prepulse became fear conditioned. Thus, perceived separation facilitates normal rats’ attention to a conditioned prepulse and enhances PPI. Isolation rearing impairs rats’ ability to attend to ecologically significant acoustic events.     

A standardized set of 260 pictures for Modern Greek: Norms for name agreement, age of acquisition, and visual complexity

The appropriate selection of both pictorial and linguistic experimental stimuli requires a previous languagespecific standardization process of the materials across different variables. Considering that such normative data have not yet been collected for Modern Greek, in this study normative data for the color version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart picture set (Rossion & Pourtois, 2004) were collected from 330 native Greek adults. Participants named the pictures (providing name agreement ratings) and rated them for visual complexity and age of acquisition. The obtained measures represent a useful tool for further research on Greek language processing and constitute the first picture normative study for this language. The picture norms from this study and previous ones may be downloaded from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.     

3～6岁儿童空间非标准测量认知加工线索研究

本研究选取北京市3所幼儿园108名3~6岁儿童为被试,采用个别测查法对儿童进行非标准空间测量时所依据的认知加工线索进行研究,结果表明:1、3~6岁儿童在一维空间测量中从两个端点和端点之间的连续空间提取信息进行量的判断,当从端点和端点之间的连续空间提取的线索不一致时,多数儿童不能对其进行整合;2、3~6岁儿童二维空间测量主要遵循一维规则,并且一维规则适用于各种图形;3、儿童根据空间量中显著特征进行量的判断,儿童对作为判断依据的显著特征的选择受各维度对比度影响。     

句子加工的脑成像研究

近年来句子加工的脑成像研究大量涌现,并集中于揭示句子语义与语法加工的神经机制以及之间的联系。文章首先对这些研究所采用的范式加以分析与比较,从而将句子加工脑成像研究的研究思路与常用范式进行了归纳与总结。其次,讨论了语义加工与语法加工的神经机制,并根据现有的研究结果,对句子语义与语法两个成分在认知加工与神经机制上的共性与特性做出推论。最后,从语言的多样性以及影响句子加工的因素两个角度,对以后的句子加工脑成像研究做了展望。     

后见之明研究综述

后见之明指后见判断(可得益于事件结果反馈的判断)与先见判断(不知晓事件结果时的判断)的系统差异,其研究范式大体可分为两类,假定型设计和记忆型设计。后见效应的研究,具有重大的理论价值和应用价值。文章对后见效应的研究范式、研究结果、及其有关理论进行了简要综述,并对其应用价值加以评述。     

记忆研究的新取向

传统的记忆心理学实验研究,其理念是数量取向的,将记忆隐喻为储藏室;而在近期,记忆研究的理念正朝着准确取向转变,关注记忆是否与实际对应符合。文章对准确取向记忆研究的基本特征予以归纳和分析,并对其涉及的现象、问题和理论进行了介绍。     

三校大学生竞争／合作策略取向的特点及影响因素

为研究大学生竞争／合作策略取向的特点及影响因素,采用”合作与竞争策略标度”量表对144名大学生进行测查,并从能力变量、期望变量及背景变量进一步研究其影响因素。结果表明大学生竞争策略均分值普遍显著高于合作策略均分值,提示学生更崇尚竞争策略;女生的竞争策略均分值明显高于男生分值,表现出策略取向的性别差异。通过相关分析和多元逐步回归分析,表明学习能力、总体能力与父母期望对学生的竞争策略取向有一定的预测性,而性别和母亲受教育程度可部分预测学生合作策略取向。     

爬行经验与婴儿空间认知能力的发展

本研究采用“A非B”时间延搁测验对34名9-12个月缨儿的爬行经验与其空间认知能力发展的关系进行了研究。协方差分析表明,婴儿的爬行经验对其在“A非B”延搁任务中表现出来的空间认知能力有显著的主效应,而年龄的效应不明显;进一步分析显示,爬行经验7周以内的婴儿与爬行经验10周以上的婴儿空间认知能力发展水平差异显著。本研究说明,爬行经验与婴儿在“A非B”延搁任务上表现出来的空间认知能力发展有密切的关系。     

Lexical activation during the recognition of Chinese characters: Evidence against early phonological activation

In two primed-naming experiments involving Chinese character recognition, one with native Mandarinspeaking subjects and another with native Cantonese-speaking subjects, we varied both the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) and the prime—target similarity along various lexical dimensions. Across both experiments, the results were as follows: (1) Relatively strong and reliable semantic priming appeared very early across various SOAs, and its onset was not affected by meaning precision, (2) either homophonic priming had negligible effects on target naming or the effects appeared relatively late (only at 57 msec), and (3) graphic inhibition was found across different SOAs. Since the same set of stimuli and procedure were adopted as those in the study of Perfetti and Tan (1998), the present findings raise questions about the reliability and validity of the results from their study that have been used to support the notion that phonology is a constitutive element of character recognition and precedes meaning access in the identification process. Instead, the present results suggest that phonology is optional for accessing meaning in Chinese character recognition among skilled adult readers.