随机棋局存在专家记忆优势效应吗?

专家在其擅长领域中 ,对有意义刺激所表现出的记忆优势效应 ,已为诸多研究所证实。然而 ,对于随机刺激 ,专家是否存在记忆优势 ,尚未有明确的研究结果。文章以中国象棋为实验材料探讨这一问题 ,在一定程度上克服了先前研究中实验材料的局限性。实验结果表明 ,随机刺激不存在专家记忆优势效应。作者还比较了模板理论和限制调节理论 ,认为前者优于后者     

不协调理论的逻辑基础——读张清宇先生的《弗协调逻辑》

一个理论是协调的就是指一个理论是无矛盾的,即在该理论中不存在这样的命题A,A与它的否定非A都是该理论的定理;否则,我们就说该理论是不协调的。一个理论的理想状态应该是协调的。但是事实上,现实存在的理论有相当一部分是处于不协调状态的。我们的经验或者常识就常常是不协调的。具有辩证思想传统的中国是一个具有不协调思想传统的大国。先秦持“两可之说”的邓析、公孙龙子等人的思想应该说是不协调的,承认“亦此亦彼”的传统辩证法思想也可以说是不协调的。[1]大量存在的不协调理论现象说明了不协调理论的客观实在性。如何限制矛盾的作…     

向普及科技知识和科学精神者致敬

带动我国科学技术有效发展的是两个轮子,一是科技创新,一是科技普及。作为一个门外汉,我就科普问题谈点感受。一鸦片战争失败以来,为了从根本上摆脱国家贫     

The role of the frequency of constituents in compound words: Evidence from Basque and Spanish

Recent data from compound word processing suggests that compounds are recognized via their constituent lexemes (Juhasz, Starr, Inhoff, & Placke, 2003). The present lexical decision experiment manipulated orthogonally the frequency of the constituents of compound words in two languages: Basque and Spanish. Basque and Spanish diverge widely in their morphological properties and in the number of existing compound words. Furthermore, the head lexeme (i.e., the most meaningful lexeme related to the whole-word meaning) in Spanish tends to be the second lexeme, whereas in Basque the percentage is more distributed. Results showed a facilitative effect of the frequency of the second lexeme, in both Basque and Spanish compounds. Thus, both Basque and Spanish readers decompose compounds into their constituents for lexical access, and this decomposition is carried out in a language-independent and blind-to-semantics manner. We examine the implications of these results for models of lexical access.     

美洲上空的龙——从奥尔梅克到阿兹特克的宗教

一般认为原始的墨西哥宗教是由美洲虎神所统治的。但是美国宗教史学家卡尔·卢柯特教授通过他深入的研究,将拉本塔奥尔梅克文明的铺贴面像倒置过来进行观察,认定它们是一种代表南美洲响尾蛇的镶嵌雕塑。这样一来,由美洲虎神所统治的墨西哥宗教就被农业文明中的大地雨龙所重新定位。     

Does work engagement increase person–job fit? The role of job crafting and job insecurity

Drawing on the expanded model of person–environment fit and job crafting theory, this study investigates the underlying processes of the relationship between work engagement and changes in person–job fit. A two-wave longitudinal study was conducted among 246 Chinese employees of a high technology company. As hypothesized, the results show that work engagement is positively related to changes in demands–abilities fit through changes in physical job crafting and positively related to changes in needs–supplies fit through changes in relational job crafting. As predicted, the positive relationship between work engagement and changes in relational job crafting (however, not changes in physical job crafting) is strengthened under conditions of high (vs. low) job insecurity. Our findings indicate that engaged employees craft their work in physical and relational ways, which creates a better person–job fit. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Contingent orienting or contingent capture: A size singleton matching the target–distractor size relation cannot capture attention

In the present study, we examined whether a peripheral size-singleton distractor that matches the target–distractor size relation can capture attention and disrupt central target identification. Three experiments consistently showed that a size singleton that matches the target–distractor size relation cannot capture attention when it appears outside of the attentional window, even though the same size singleton produces a cuing effect. In addition, a color singleton that matches the target color, instead of a size singleton that matches the target–distractor size relation, captures attention when it is outside of the attentional window. Thus, a size-relation-matched distractor is much weaker than a color-matched distractor in capturing attention and cannot capture attention when the distractor appears outside of the attentional window.     

Readiness to accept Western standard of beauty and body satisfaction among Muslim girls with and without hijab

The purpose of this paper was to determine whether there is a difference in the readiness to accept Western standards of beauty in which thinness is an ideal of beauty and attractiveness, as well in body and appearance satisfaction between Muslim adolescent girls attending madrassa and dressing in accordance with tradition, that is to say wearing hijab, and Muslim adolescent girls who do not wear hijab and who follow contemporary Western‐influenced fashion trends. Both of these groups were also compared to a non‐Muslim group of adolescent girls. The sample consisted of 75 Muslim adolescent girls with hijab, 75 Muslim adolescent girls without hijab and 75 Orthodox adolescent girls. The following instruments were used: the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT‐26), the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ‐3) and the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS). The highest level of body satisfaction (despite this group having the highest body weight in the sample) was evident among Muslim adolescent girls attending madrassa and wearing hijab. They also showed significantly less pressure to attain the Western thin‐ideal standards of beauty than adolescent girls who accept Western way of dressing. Research results indicate a significant role of socio‐cultural factors in one's attitude towards the body image, but also opens the question of the role of religion as a protective factor when it comes to the body and appearance attitude among Muslim women who wear hijab.     

Linking metaphor comprehension with analogical reasoning: Evidence from typical development and autism spectrum disorder

We examined the relationship between metaphor comprehension and verbal analogical reasoning in young adults who were either typically developing (TD) or diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The ASD sample was highly educated and high in verbal ability, and closely matched to a subset of TD participants on age, gender, educational background, and verbal ability. Additional TD participants with a broader range of abilities were also tested. Each participant solved sets of verbal analogies and metaphors in verification formats, allowing measurement of both accuracy and reaction times. Measures of individual differences in vocabulary, verbal working memory, and autistic traits were also obtained. Accuracy for both the verbal analogy and the metaphor task was very similar across the ASD and matched TD groups. However, reaction times on both tasks were longer for the ASD group. Additionally, stronger correlations between verbal analogical reasoning and working memory capacity in the ASD group indicated that processing verbal analogies was more effortful for them. In the case of both groups, accuracy on the metaphor and analogy tasks was correlated. A mediation analysis revealed that after controlling for working memory capacity, the inter-task correlation could be accounted for by the mediating variable of vocabulary knowledge, suggesting that the primary common mechanisms linking the two tasks involve language skills.