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Do readers “see” the words that story characters read and “hear” the words that they hear? Just as priming effects are reduced when stimuli are presented cross-modally on two different occasions, we found reduced transfer effects when story characters were described as experiencing stimuli cross-modally. In Experiment 1, a repeated phrase was described as being part of a spoken message in both Story A and Story B, and transfer effects were found. In Experiment 2, in contrast, when the phrase was described as a written note in one story and a spoken message in the other, reading-time results indicated that readers did not retrieve the meaning of the repeated phrase. The results are consistent with findings indicating that visual imagery simulates visual processing and that auditory imagery simulates auditory processing. We conclude that readers mentally simulate the perceptual details involved in story characters’ linguistic exchanges. 相似文献
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Despite previous findings, Klin, Ralano, and Weingartner (2007) found transfer benefits across unrelated passages. After processing
an ambiguous phrase in Story A that was biased toward its sarcastic meaning, readers were more likely to interpret the identical
phrase in Story B as sarcastic, even though it contained no disambiguating information. In the present experiments, we found
both repetition effects (a benefit for the lexical items) and meaning selection effects (a benefit for the selected meaning
of the phrase) with short delays between Stories A and B; with longer delays, only repetition effects were found. Whereas
decreasing the elaboration of the phrase eliminated both effects, moving the disambiguating context from before to after the
phrase eliminated meaning selection effects only. We conclude that meaning selection effects, which are based on conceptual
overlap, are more sensitive to context changes and less robust than repetition effects, which are based on both perceptual
and conceptual overlap. 相似文献
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Klin, Ralano, and Weingartner (2007) found transfer effects when a phrase, described as part of a note one character had left for another, was repeated across
two passages. However, when the phrase was part of a note in story A and part of a conversation in story B, transfer effects
were eliminated (Klin & Drumm, 2010). Klin and Drumm concluded that readers encoded the perceptual features of story characters’ linguistic exchanges and that
the mismatch (visual vs. auditory) eliminated transfer effects. The present experiments support this conclusion and also demonstrate
that readers encode details of the social interaction that surrounds the characters’ linguistic exchanges: Effects were reduced
when the phrase in story A was part of a direct social interaction between the characters (e.g., phone conversation), whereas
in story B, the interaction was indirect (e.g., voicemail). More generally, readers are exquisitely tuned to subtle aspects
of characters’ linguistic exchanges. 相似文献
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A note on logical relations between semantics and syntax 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Mental Disorders,Comorbidity, and Pre‐enlistment Suicidal Behavior Among New Soldiers in the U.S. Army: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS)
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Matthew K. Nock PhD Robert J. Ursano MD Steven G. Heeringa PhD Murray B. Stein MD MPH Sonia Jain PhD Rema Raman PhD Xiaoying Sun MS Wai Tat Chiu AM Lisa J. Colpe PhD MPH Carol S. Fullerton PhD Stephen E. Gilman ScD Irving Hwang MA James A. Naifeh PhD Anthony J. Rosellini PhD Nancy A. Sampson BA Michael Schoenbaum PhD Alan M. Zaslavsky PhD Ronald C. Kessler PhD the Army STARRS Collaborators 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2015,45(5):588-599
We examined the associations between mental disorders and suicidal behavior (ideation, plans, and attempts) among new soldiers using data from the New Soldier Study (NSS) component of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS; N = 38,507). Most new soldiers with a pre‐enlistment history of suicide attempt reported a prior mental disorder (59.0%). Each disorder examined was associated with increased odds of suicidal behavior (ORs = 2.6–8.6). Only PTSD and disorders characterized by irritability and impulsive/aggressive behavior (i.e., bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder) predicted unplanned attempts among ideators. Mental disorders are important predictors of pre‐enlistment suicidal behavior among new soldiers and should figure prominently in suicide screening and prevention efforts. 相似文献
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