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151.
Wagman JB Abney DH 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2012,38(3):589-602
An important step in developing a theory of calibration is establishing what it is that participants become calibrated to as a result of feedback. Three experiments used a transfer of calibration paradigm to investigate this issue. In particular, these experiments investigated whether recalibration of perception of length transferred from audition to dynamic (i.e., kinesthetic) touch when objects were grasped at one end (Experiment 1), when objects were grasped at one end and when they were grasped at a different location (i.e., the middle) (Experiment 2), and when false (i.e., inflated) feedback was provided about object length (Experiment 3). In all three experiments, there was a transfer of recalibration of perception of length from audition to dynamic touch when feedback was provided on perception by audition. Such results suggest that calibration is not specific to a particular perceptual modality and are also consistent with previous research that perception of object length by audition and dynamic touch are each constrained by the object's mechanical properties. 相似文献
152.
Mickes L Walker DE Parris JL Mankoff R Christenfeld NJ 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2012,19(1):108-112
It has often been asserted, by both men and women, that men are funnier. We explored two possible explanations for such a
view, first testing whether men, when instructed to be as funny as possible, write funnier cartoon captions than do women,
and second examining whether there is a tendency to falsely remember funny things as having been produced by men. A total
of 32 participants, half from each gender, wrote captions for 20 cartoons. Raters then indicated the humor success of these
captions. Raters of both genders found the captions written by males funnier, though this preference was significantly stronger
among the male raters. In the second experiment, male and female participants were presented with the funniest and least funny
captions from the first experiment, along with the caption author’s gender. On a memory test, both females and males disproportionately
misattributed the humorous captions to males and the nonhumorous captions to females. Men might think men are funnier because
they actually find them so, but though women rated the captions written by males slightly higher, our data suggest that they
may regard men as funnier more because they falsely attribute funny things to them. 相似文献
153.
K. Mark Derby David P. Wacker Marc Andelman Wendy Berg Janet Drew Jennifer Asmus Anne-Marie Prouty Peggy Laffey 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1995,28(3):345-346
A forced-choice preference assessment was conducted in which two dependent measures were used to select preferred stimuli: (a) approach responding and (b) latency to the first aberrant response. Stimuli identified as preferred based on both dependent measures were then evaluated during treatment. The results suggested that latency may be a useful measure in the selection of preferred stimuli during forced-choice assessments. 相似文献
154.
The performance in a radial-arm maze of two groups of rats with restricted access to extra-maze visual cues was studied. One group received extensive exposure to the visual environment of the maze, whereas the second group was never exposed to the environment, aside from their experience in the maze itself. Spatial exposure resulted in a slightly improved ability to discriminate between previously visited and unvisited spatial locations, which can be explained on the basis of general perceptual learning processes. However, there was no evidence that spatial exposure resulted in control of choices by the spatial relations among the maze locations. These results are discussed in terms of theories of spatial learning which appeal to perceptual learning and cognitive mapping. 相似文献
155.
This study assessed whether contact between members of 2 social groups generalized to contact in another setting, as well as influenced their intercultural knowledge and acceptance. Subjects were 244 international (mainly ethnic Chinese) and Anglo-Australian students living in 3 student residence halls, with each group comprising a numerical majority, equal proportion, and a numerical minority in one of the residential halls. As anticipated, group ratio exerted a systematic effect on the amount of intercultural contact, with most contact by members of a numerical minority, regardless of student group. Importantly, the pattern of residence-hall contact tended to generalize to the wider university environment and to influence intercultural knowledge and acceptance. However, contact was not unqualified in its effects, particularly in relation to members of the cultural majority. 相似文献
156.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN JEALOUSY: Evolution, Physiology, and Psychology 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
David M. Buss Randy J. Larsen Drew Westen Jennifer Semmelroth 《Psychological science》1992,3(4):251-255
157.
Thomas Millard David P. Wacker Linda J. Cooper Jay Harding Janet Drew Lee Ann Plagmann Jennifer Asmus Jennifer McComas Paula Jensen-Kovalan 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1993,26(4):475-476
The purpose of this study was to develop outpatient clinic assessments that allowed us to assess multiple treatment variables, produce relatively quick effects, and isolate active treatment components. Assessment began by evaluating a treatment package consisting of antecedent and consequence variables followed by a component analysis to determine the separate effects of the treatment variables. Three examples of the findings are presented. 相似文献
158.
Miron Zuckerman Richard H Brown Gary L Fischler Geri A Fox Drew R Lathin Ara J Minasian 《Journal of research in personality》1979,13(2):161-174
Two studies examined situational determinants of choice among anagram tests that varied both in difficulty and in diagnosticity (the information they provided about one's own ability). In both studies, subjects worked on a preliminary anagram test before making their choices. Study 1 manipulated level of performance on the preliminary test. Results showed that high performance led to preferring more difficult and more diagnostic tests. In Study 2, subjects were either paid or not paid for their performance on the preliminary test. Results showed that pay led to a preference for more diagnostic tests. Unexpectedly, results of both studies showed that although difficulty and diagnosticity were defined independently of one another, they were not perceived as such. Thus, high diagnostic tests were perceived as more difficult; more difficult tests were perceived as more diagnostic; and the difference between high and low diagnostic tests in perceived diagnosticity and choice of items (high diagnostic tests had higher scores on both measures) were more pronounced among more difficult tests. Motivational as well as cognitive interpretations of the results were discussed. 相似文献
159.
G. C. Drew 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1951,3(2):73-88
The influence of the performance of various tasks on the reflex blink rate has been investigated repeatedly, but the results obtained have been somewhat contradictory. More recently, it has been suggested that the reflex blink rate may be a considerable factor in the accuracy with which visual-motor tasks are performed. The aim of the present experiment was to attempt to obtain further evidence on both these questions.
The experiment was carried out in two parts. The main part was done in the laboratory, while a validating experiment was carried out on the road. In the laboratory, subjects were required t o steer a pencil along a moving track which varied in difficulty. The difficulty of the response was varied by using a direct control on some trials and a velocity control on others. Blink rate, errors, and control measurements were recorded throughout. In the road experiment, cine films were taken of the driver's eyes while driving in heavy traffic and in open country.
The results of both experiments show:
(a) That there are marked individual differences in blink rate, the relative order of which is maintained in spite of variations in the actual blink rate.
(b) That there is no relationship between the accuracy with which a particular individual carries out a task of this sort and his blink rate. The rapid “blinker” is no more and no less likely to be accurate than the infrequeiit I “blinker.”
(c) That the actual blink rate for all individuals varies inversely with the difficulty of the task and the amount of control movement necessary. The blink rate decreases as the necessity for detailed visual control of movement increases. Blink rates when driving a car in heavy traffic, or when steering along an oscillating track, are considerably lower than when driving in open country or when following a straight track.
(d) That the adjustment of the blink rate to the difficulty of the task is achieved not only by an alteration in overall blink rate, but also by a change in the distribution of blinking. The blink rate is approximately constant under constant conditions, but when the task is varying in difficulty, blinking occurs just before and just after periods of maximum difficulty, but is completely inhibited during the periods of maximum difficulty itself. 相似文献
The experiment was carried out in two parts. The main part was done in the laboratory, while a validating experiment was carried out on the road. In the laboratory, subjects were required t o steer a pencil along a moving track which varied in difficulty. The difficulty of the response was varied by using a direct control on some trials and a velocity control on others. Blink rate, errors, and control measurements were recorded throughout. In the road experiment, cine films were taken of the driver's eyes while driving in heavy traffic and in open country.
The results of both experiments show:
(a) That there are marked individual differences in blink rate, the relative order of which is maintained in spite of variations in the actual blink rate.
(b) That there is no relationship between the accuracy with which a particular individual carries out a task of this sort and his blink rate. The rapid “blinker” is no more and no less likely to be accurate than the infrequeiit I “blinker.”
(c) That the actual blink rate for all individuals varies inversely with the difficulty of the task and the amount of control movement necessary. The blink rate decreases as the necessity for detailed visual control of movement increases. Blink rates when driving a car in heavy traffic, or when steering along an oscillating track, are considerably lower than when driving in open country or when following a straight track.
(d) That the adjustment of the blink rate to the difficulty of the task is achieved not only by an alteration in overall blink rate, but also by a change in the distribution of blinking. The blink rate is approximately constant under constant conditions, but when the task is varying in difficulty, blinking occurs just before and just after periods of maximum difficulty, but is completely inhibited during the periods of maximum difficulty itself. 相似文献
160.
Michael Brimacombe Drew Helmer Benjamin H. Natelson 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2002,9(4):309-314
Despite the existence of 2 different case definitions for chronic fatigue syndrome, little data exist to evaluate how each performs. We evaluated the symptom patterns of patients fulfilling either the more demanding 1988 or the less demanding 1994 case definitions of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome over an 11-year period from 1991 to 2001. Factor analysis identified 3 factors: muscular–skeletal, viral, and sleep:memory symptom factors accounting for significant variation in the data. Further discriminant analysis showed that the first 2 factors and a self-reported measure of decrease in activity alone gave 91% accuracy in the placement of patients into their respective case definitions. This analysis did indicate that both case definitions were capturing the same broad group of patients. However, the patients in the 1994 group do not endorse infectious-type symptoms as often or to the same degree of severity as those in the 1988 group. This may mean that infection as a cause of CFS is more likely in patients fulfilling the earlier, more demanding case definition. 相似文献