Coherent psychometric modelling with Bayesian nonparametrics

In this paper we argue that model selection, as commonly practised in psychometrics, violates certain principles of coherence. On the other hand, we show that Bayesian nonparametrics provides a coherent basis for model selection, through the use of a ‘nonparametric’ prior distribution that has a large support on the space of sampling distributions. We illustrate model selection under the Bayesian nonparametric approach, through the analysis of real questionnaire data. Also, we present ways to use the Bayesian nonparametric framework to define very flexible psychometric models, through the specification of a nonparametric prior distribution that supports all distribution functions for the inverse link, including the standard logistic distribution functions. The Bayesian nonparametric approach provides a coherent method for model selection that can be applied to any statistical model, including psychometric models. Moreover, under a ‘non‐informative’ choice of nonparametric prior, the Bayesian nonparametric approach is easy to apply, and selects the model that maximizes the log likelihood. Thus, under this choice of prior, the approach can be extended to non‐Bayesian settings where the parameters of the competing models are estimated by likelihood maximization, and it can be used with any psychometric software package that routinely reports the model log likelihood.     

Estimation of maximal reliability for multiple‐component instruments in multilevel designs

A procedure for point and interval estimation of maximal reliability of multiple‐component measuring instruments in multi‐level settings is outlined. The approach is applicable to hierarchical designs in which individuals are nested within higher‐order units and exhibit possibly related performance on components of a given homogeneous scale. The method is developed within the framework of multi‐level factor analysis. The proposed procedure is illustrated with an empirical example.     

Acquiescent responding in partially balanced multidimensional scales

We propose a method for controlling acquiescent response in which acquiescence response variance is isolated in an independent factor. This kind of procedure is available for perfectly balanced scales (i.e. half of the items are worded in the opposite direction to the other half with respect to a general trait). However, few questionnaires are designed so that exactly half of the items are worded in this way. If this is not the case, the available methods are useless. We propose to adapt the rotation method of Lorenzo‐Seva and Rodríguez‐Fornells to handle partially balanced scales (i.e. only a few items in the scale are worded in the opposite direction). The most important characteristic of our method is that it removes the variance due to acquiescent response from all the items in the questionnaire (i.e. the balanced subset of items, but also the unbalanced subsets of items). The usefulness of the method is illustrated in a numerical example.     

The semantic red effect: Processing the word red undermines intellectual performance

Recent research has shown that a two second glimpse of color can have an important influence on affect, cognition, and behavior. The present research examined whether perceiving color is necessary to produce an effect on psychological functioning or whether the mere act of processing a color word might be sufficient. Specifically, four experiments tested the hypothesis that processing the word red undermines intellectual performance, much like actually perceiving the color red. Supportive data were obtained with three different types of subtle manipulation, with three different types of control words, and on two different types of IQ test performance. Worry, but not mood or general arousal, was shown to mediate the semantic red effect, which appears to take place outside of individuals’ awareness. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.     

Medikamentierte Wut

Considering the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHS), the most common disorder of male children and young boys, from the perspective of a psychoanalytic social psychology, one cannot explain its genesis solely in terms of neuroscience. It would be reductionism ignoring the fact, that it is not possible to define a neuronal deficit of self control without conceptualizing self control as a historically and culturally determined requirement profile of affect regulation. Thus, a social characterological analysis of the disorder is required. Every community and society expects their children to learn in the course of their socialization and education to transform external control into self control, in order to want to do, what is to be done. This process is conflict-ridden and aims at an adaptation by which conflicts are more or less defused. Modern societies propagate a sort of self control which is reduced to self-management with integrated spontaneity. Acquiring such self-management requires from children and adolescents to cope with contradictions. They should concentrate in a consum culture which is oriented on distraction. They should cope trouble-free with disappointments in a culture which is oriented on success. But first of all the boys have difficulties to achieve this. They have difficulties in acquiring the emotional competencies needed for the regulation of aggressive excitements due to disappointments appropriately and in socially acceptable form as well. Lacking this competencies they feel themselves at the mercy of fierce rage as if it was a force of nature. This is the self experience of the 60 boys who were questioned about their ADHS medication in the here presented research project. If the treatment is - against all consensus conferences - limited to medication – and this is much more often the case as so far known -, then the aggressive excitement is reduced indeed, but the patients do not obtain insight into the civilizing function of restraining aggression. And without understanding the sense of the own action they remain in the long run strangers to themselves.     

Kasuistik zur Kindeswohlgefährdung bei postpartaler Depression

Postpartum psychiatric disorders adversely affect the relationship between the mother and her baby, frequently in a very serious way. It is common that both objective and subjective aspects of this relationship would be negatively influenced by the maternal pathology. The disturbances that arise from the psychiatric disorders could become a hostile and rejecting quality and could be unfavourable to the long-term development of the child. Obsessional impulses to harm the baby are not rare by mothers in the postpartum period. A large figure of severely depressed and psychotic mothers admited to have had some thoughts of harming or to killing the baby. Some of them have already done harmful things to their babies. Ideations of infanticide or child abuse are not always associated with psychiatric disorders (i.e. depressive symptoms or delusion). They could be a consequence of a severe Bonding disorder.     

Strukturen der Alterskriminalität

The group of the over 60-years-old does only contribute a relatively small part to the registered crime – compared to their continuously growing percentage in the population. Crimes committed by elderly persons are predominantly property offences with shoplifting playing an outstanding role. Elderly persons are also overrepresented concerning offences of insult, (negligent) arson and environmental offences whereas violent crimes are rare. Elderly men are also slightly overrepresented concerning sexual abuse of children, but this is very rare, too. As a whole, the fear that Germany will be overrun by a wave of old-age crime does not seem to be confirmed. Elderly offenders are still very rare and the offences committed are significantly less heavy than those committed by younger offenders.     

Forensisch-psychiatrische Versorgungsstrukturen in Deutschland: Ein Vergleich zwischen Alten und Neuen Bundesländern

Differences and similarities of the forensic mental health hospitals in the New Federal States (NFS) (former East Germany) and the Old Federal States (OFS) (former West Germany) were assessed. The focus of the study was set on institutional features of these hospitals as well as on characteristics of the detained patients. Data were based on a survey conducted in 2006. Specifically designed questionnaires were sent to the mental health departments of the State Ministries, and to all forensic mental health hospitals (response rates 100% and 62%). The general finding is that structures of forensic mental health services in NFS and OFS, e.g. the number of beds per million inhabitants and institutional features, have become similar since the German reunification. The health staff-patient relation is equal for some professions, whereas for other professions this relation is even better in NFS. Differences exist regarding the forensic mental health law of the Federal States. Moreover, the proportions of some delicts and diagnoses in the detained clientele differ. In NFS, the need for forensic aftercare facilities is even more urgent than in OFS. In both parts of the country there is a need for the development of some aspects of quality assurance for both forensic mental health hospitals as well as governmental institutions. Generally, the evaluation of quality of structures, processes and results is yet impossible for many fields of forensic mental health care, because there is no sufficient data base.     

Die Kindestötung unter strafrechtlichen Aspekten

It is outlined that infanticide has been assessed in many different ways in the history of criminal law. Special emphasis is put on the former § 217 StGB of the German Penal Code. Then a presentation of the relevant provisions of the current German penal law and their application in individual cases is given.     

Psychiatrischer Beitrag

Ohne Zusammenfassung