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991.
Dr. Thomas Knecht 《Psychopraxis》2009,12(4):12-16
Paraphilien sind von ihrer Genese her schwer zu erkl?ren, wenn man sich auf die ontogenetische Entwicklung beschr?nkt. Schlüsselerlebnisse
m?gen in einigen F?llen erhellend sein, sind aber nicht regelhaft nachweisbar. Der Autor schl?gt ein phylogenetisch orientiertes
Erkl?rungsmodell vor, welches die Naturgeschichte von Dominanz- und Submissionsverhalten in den Fortpflanzungsritualen der
Arten nachzeichnet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass einige Verhaltensmuster, welche an Sadomasochismus erinnern, durchaus ihren Funktionswert
für die Fortpflanzung haben, was ihnen ein Fortbestehen in der aufsteigenden Evolutionsreihe erm?glichte. 相似文献
992.
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Hartmann Hinterhuber 《Psychopraxis》2009,12(5):15-20
Die Psychiatrie hat sich in den letzten 100 Jahren zu einer faszinierenden Wissenschaft entwickelt: Es ist ihr gelungen, Forschungsergebnisse
aus allen benachbarten Disziplinen einzubinden, aus den Neurowissenschaften, der Soziologie, den Kulturwissenschaften und
der Psychologie. Dies erkl?rt auch den gewaltigen Erkenntnisfortschritt und die – in der Tat sensationellen – Therapieerfolge
unseres Faches. 相似文献
993.
Although pointing is not part of great apes’ natural gestural repertoire, they can learn to point to food, in order to request
it. To assess the flexibility with which they can use this gesture, one can vary the potential referent of the point. In two
previous studies, three orangutans (two of them human-reared) have shown the ability to point to the location of a tool which
a human experimenter needed in order to give them food. Here, we tested six orangutans and five bonobos using a set-up in
which our subjects had to guide a human experimenter to the hiding place of a fork which was needed in order to retrieve a
piece of food for the subject out of a vertical tube. We further examined the potential role of a competitive/deceptive context
by varying the identity of the person responsible for hiding the tool. In addition, we implemented three different control
conditions in which an object was hidden but it was not necessary to indicate its location to get the food. We found that
the majority of subjects spontaneously guided the experimenter to the hiding place of the fork by pointing to it when it was
necessary and they did so significantly less in control conditions. We did not find an effect of the person hiding the fork.
Our results show that mother-reared orangutans and bonobos are able to point to inform a human about the location of an object
that the human needs to procure food for the subject and that they can take into account whether it is relevant or not to
do so.
相似文献
Felizitas ZimmermannEmail: |
994.
Permata Dewi Hamid Dr Janette Graetz Simmonds Terry Victor Bowles 《Australian journal of psychology》2009,61(2):69-76
Research with 112 Asian Australian university students found that adherence to Asian cultural values inversely predicted attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Students completed demographic questions, the Asian Values Scale, the Suinn – Lew Asian Self‐Identity Scale, (which is a measure of acculturation), and the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale. There was a significant positive relationship between the Asian Australian students' level of behavioural acculturation and their attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Significant differences were found between male and female participants in their attitudes, with female participants indicating greater willingness to seek help. Results also demonstrated a significant difference in gender on acculturation level as well as a significant difference in generational status and acculturation level. 相似文献
995.
This study investigated the direct and indirect roles of parenting, child temperament and sociocultural context in predicting prosocial behaviour as identified by behavioural assessments and parent and teacher ratings. Comparisons of Australian children and Turkish children living in Australia allowed examination of cultural similarities and differences in levels of prosocial behaviours and in their predictors. Participants were 153 Australian 4–6‐year‐old children and 58 children with a Turkish background recruited from childcare centres serving low‐ and middle‐class communities. Turkish and Australian children were similar in their levels of prosocial development, but the factors that predicted prosocial behaviour were somewhat different. Hierarchical multiple regression showed that maternal warmth and child persistence predicted prosocial behaviour for the Australian sample. For the Turkish sample, obedience‐demanding behaviour had a facilitating effect upon prosocial development. The results are discussed in relation to cultural norms and their impact on children through parenting practices. 相似文献
996.
Differences in extent and nature of newspaper media reporting before and after the introduction of the Serious Sex Offender Monitoring Act 2005 in Victoria were investigated, critically exploring the interface between psychological, media and criminological disciplines. Forty‐three news items before the Act and 90 after the Act were analysed using a thematic and discursive framework. A significant increase in the number of items was found after the Act but other discursive and thematic findings were mixed. Several indicators of sensationalism such as headline size, tone, and theme did not differ between time frames, while there was a significant increase in the incidence of case‐based and high‐profile case reporting after the introduction of the Act. Hence, although the discourse and frames within which serious sex offenders are reported has remained similar over time, the introduction of the Act has dramatically impacted on the frequency of reporting in such cases. The findings are congruent with the extant literature on the newsworthiness of child sexual offending, indicating a need for media outlets to be more responsible in their reporting, and for legislators to enact legislation based upon empirical evidence. 相似文献
997.
Reasons behind older adults' under‐utilisation of mental health services are complex. Barriers to access to mental health services for this group include service access and availability, attitudes of medical and mental health professionals, and attitudes of older people themselves. This questionnaire‐based study sought to investigate variables that may influence attitudes towards psychological help seeking among a late mid‐age–young‐old Australian sample of 159 community‐dwelling adults. The results suggest that attitudes towards seeking psychological help in this population were relatively positive. In addition, >50% of participants in the sample indicated that they had sought treatment for emotional or psychological difficulties in the past, with the greatest proportion of those who sought help noting that it was for “family problems” (56%). The findings suggest that negative attitudes to help seeking in this age group may not be as pervasive as previously assumed, and that help‐seeking behaviours may be high among those with positive attitudes towards help seeking. 相似文献
998.
Growth in personality disorder research has been documented by previous authors up to 1995. The aim of the present study was to extend this by examining publications rates for individual DSM personality disorders over the period 1971–2005, and making projections to 2015 based on these data. It was found that personality disorder research has grown in absolute terms, and as a proportion of overall psychopathology research. Research output is dominated by borderline personality disorder, with strong publication rates in other conditions such as antisocial and schizotypal personality disorders. In contrast, several personality disorders such as schizoid and paranoid personality disorder have failed to attract research interest. Based on current projections, there is expected to be no research output in 2015 for schizoid personality disorder. It was found that the rate of publications for personality disorders was not influenced by the publication of the last three revisions of the DSM diagnostic criteria. Several potential explanations such as the difficulty in conducting certain types of personality disorder research, and the validity of the current DSM diagnostic taxonomy are discussed. 相似文献
999.
Dr George Karabatsos Stephen G. Walker 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2009,62(1):1-20
In this paper we argue that model selection, as commonly practised in psychometrics, violates certain principles of coherence. On the other hand, we show that Bayesian nonparametrics provides a coherent basis for model selection, through the use of a ‘nonparametric’ prior distribution that has a large support on the space of sampling distributions. We illustrate model selection under the Bayesian nonparametric approach, through the analysis of real questionnaire data. Also, we present ways to use the Bayesian nonparametric framework to define very flexible psychometric models, through the specification of a nonparametric prior distribution that supports all distribution functions for the inverse link, including the standard logistic distribution functions. The Bayesian nonparametric approach provides a coherent method for model selection that can be applied to any statistical model, including psychometric models. Moreover, under a ‘non‐informative’ choice of nonparametric prior, the Bayesian nonparametric approach is easy to apply, and selects the model that maximizes the log likelihood. Thus, under this choice of prior, the approach can be extended to non‐Bayesian settings where the parameters of the competing models are estimated by likelihood maximization, and it can be used with any psychometric software package that routinely reports the model log likelihood. 相似文献
1000.
Dr Tenko Raykov Spiridon Penev 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2009,62(1):129-142
A procedure for point and interval estimation of maximal reliability of multiple‐component measuring instruments in multi‐level settings is outlined. The approach is applicable to hierarchical designs in which individuals are nested within higher‐order units and exhibit possibly related performance on components of a given homogeneous scale. The method is developed within the framework of multi‐level factor analysis. The proposed procedure is illustrated with an empirical example. 相似文献