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861.
Clucas C Sibley E Harding R Liu L Catalan J Sherr L 《Psychology, health & medicine》2011,16(5):528-547
People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) show elevated anxiety levels compared to the general population. Anxiety can predate HIV infection or be triggered by HIV diagnosis and the many stresses that emerge during the course of HIV disease. Many psychological and pharmacological therapies have been shown to treat anxiety in the general population but a systematic understanding of which interventions have been tested in and are effective with HIV-seropositive individuals is needed. This review examines all published intervention studies on anxiety and HIV from 1980 to 2009 covered by the databases MedLine (1980-2009) and PsycINFO (1980-2009) for a definitive account of effectiveness of interventions and an indication of prevalence of HIV-related anxiety and measurement within studies. Standard systematic research methods were used to gather quality published papers on HIV and anxiety, searching published data bases according to quality inclusion criteria. From the search, 492 papers were generated and hand searched resulting in 39 studies meeting adequacy inclusion criteria for analysis. Of these, 30 (76.9%) were implemented in North America (the USA and Canada), with little representation from developing countries. Thirty-three (84.6%) studies recruited only men or mostly men. A total of 50 interventions were investigated by the 39 studies; 13 targeted HIV, symptoms or associated outcomes/conditions, 20 directly targeted anxiety and another 17 indirectly targeted anxiety. Twenty-four (48%) interventions were effective in reducing anxiety (including 11 indirect interventions), 16 (32%) were ineffective and 10 (20%) had an unknown effect on anxiety. Sixty-five percent of interventions directly targeting anxiety were effective. Psychological interventions (especially cognitive behavioural stress management interventions and cognitive behavioural therapy) were generally more effective than pharmacological interventions. Only three studies provided prevalence rates - these ranged from 13% to 80%. Anxiety was measured using 16 different instruments. Our detailed data suggest that interventions are both effective and available, although further research into enhancing efficacy would be valuable. Also, the vast majority of studies were Western-based, no studies looked at children or adolescents and few looked specifically at women. An international effort to harmonise measurement of anxiety is also missing. There is a need to routinely log anxiety in those with HIV infection during the course of their disease, to provide specific data on women, young people and those in diverse geographic areas and incorporate management into care protocols. 相似文献
862.
Dr. Michael Alex 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2011,5(4):244-252
Since 2001 under certain circumstances German courts have the right to order prisoner detention for preventive purposes retrospectively. As courts set limits to new facts after conviction more than 100 prisoners were released, although they were regarded as being very dangerous. The actual delinquency relapse of these persons was investigated in a study of the Ruhr University Bochum. The results are presented in this paper. 相似文献
863.
Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Hans-Ludwig Kr?ber Dr. Ursula Guth 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2011,5(2):90-97
A working group from the states of Berlin and Brandenburg has worked out benchmarks for the structural organization of detention and reprimand for people who have been sentenced to preventive detention in addition to the actual punishment. Decisive for this from the very beginning was the idea to maintain the aim of social reintegration of convicted persons and to adapt the execution of preventive detention not only formally to the guidelines of the European Court of Human Rights. 相似文献
864.
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Jörg-Martin Jehle 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2013,7(4):220-229
Spectacular trials leading to alleged or proven wrongful convictions arouse the concern of the German public. In spite of that there is no current systematic analysis of sources of error in criminal procedures. This article defines what may be recognized as a wrongful conviction or wrongful decision and gives an account of studies on wrongful convictions in America and some European countries. Concerning the German situation, firstly possible sources of error in preliminary proceedings are highlighted and then the outcomes of appeals are analyzed, thus estimating the quantity of wrongful convictions by courts in the first instance on the basis of statistical data. Furthermore, the very restrictive prerequisites for retrials are discussed. Concluding, the author argues for a systematic empirical analysis of sources of error in criminal proceedings and a facilitation of the prerequisites for retrials. 相似文献
865.
Prof. Dr.med. Frank Häßler Holger Schütt Jerzy Pobocha 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2013,7(1):56-61
For forensic expert witnesses the introduction of electronic surveillance to the German penal code system raised new questions, such as the effects on relapse prevention. This paper presents international experiences about the effects of electronic tagging, especially on relapse prevention, and lists the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure. Also the recommendations for electronic tagging concerning a sexual offender who was repeatedly convicted and released after 10 years of imprisonment are described. 相似文献
866.
Svenja Göbbels Prof. Tony Ward PhD Dr. Gwenda M. Willis 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2013,7(2):122-132
The rehabilitation of offenders in English-speaking countries is primarily guided by a risk management framework (the risk-need-responsivity principles: RNR model), which aims at reducing the possibility of harm to the community rather than improving offenders’ quality of life. In the last decade Tony Ward and his colleagues have developed the good lives model of offender rehabilitation (GLM) as an alternative to the RNR model. The GLM incorporates the RNR principles of risk, need and responsivity into its theoretical structure while aiming to provide a more constructive and comprehensive approach to correctional practice. More specifically, it aims to both reduce risk while enhancing the quality of offenders’ lives. The present article aims at outlining the general, etiological assumptions and practice implications of the GLM. In addition, its strengths and limitations and evidence base are reported. These illustrations highlight the usefulness of the GLM for the treatment of offenders and sex offenders in particular. 相似文献
867.
Currently, one of the most influential theories of consciousness is Rosenthal's version of higher‐order‐thought (HOT). We argue that the HOT theory allows for two distinct interpretations: a one‐component and a two‐component view. We further argue that the two‐component view is more consistent with his effort to promote HOT as an explanatory theory suitable for application to the empirical sciences. Unfortunately, the two‐component view seems incapable of handling a group of counterexamples that we refer to as cases of radical confabulation. We begin by introducing the HOT theory and by indicating why we believe it is open to distinct interpretations. We then proceed to show that it is incapable of handling cases of radical confabulation. Finally, in the course of considering various possible responses to our position, we show that adoption of a disjunctive strategy, one that would countenance both one‐component and two‐component versions, would fail to provide any empirical or explanatory advantage. 相似文献
868.
Dr. Friedrich Wolff 《Psychological research》1954,24(6):557-565
Zusammenfassung Es werden einige Versuche mitgeteilt, die anzeigen, daß Farbenharmonien dann auftreten, wenn die Größen der gefärbten Flächenstücke so gewählt werden, daß die sog. Helligkeitsäquivalente im Verhältnis 11 stehen. 相似文献
869.
An n-dimensional Weber Law and the Corresponding Fechner Law 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Drösler J 《Journal of mathematical psychology》2000,44(2):330-335
Weber's law of 1834, DeltaS/S=c for the just noticeable difference (jnd), can be written as S+DeltaS=kS, k=1+c. It follows that the stimulus decrement required to elicit one jnd of sensation is S-DeltaS*=k(-1)S. If generalized for two stimulus dimensions and two corresponding response dimensions, Weber's law would have to state such equations for all directions of change in the plane. A two-dimensional Weber law with exactly these properties is realized by [S(x)+DeltaS(x)(straight theta), S(y)+DeltaS(y)(straight theta)]=[k(sin(straight theta))S(x), k(cos(straight theta))S(y)] which determines the stimulus coordinates for all stimuli just noticeably different from the stimulus (S(x), S(y)) in all directions 0=straight theta=2pi. Fechner's problem now is understood as finding a transformation of the plane which maps the set of stimuli one jnd apart from the standard stimulus onto a unit circle around the standard stimulus' image. This transformation (R(2)(+)-->R(2)) is [x, y]mapsto[log(k)(x), log(k)(y)]. The solution is generalized to arbitrarily many dimensions by substituting the sin and cos in the generalized Weber law by the standard coordinates of a unit vector. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. 相似文献
870.
Stegemann-Boehl S 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(1):57-62
In the past, only norms and rules developed for other types of illegal activities could be applied to misconduct in science
in Germany. But only particularly blatant cases of misconduct can be dealt with efficiently in this way. Nowadays, a couple
of very important funding agencies and research institutions have enacted special procedures that apply in cases of suspected
scientific misconduct. A strongly decentralised system of dealing with misconduct in science is being established in Germany.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct. An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998. 相似文献