A cross‐national examination of consumer perceived risk in the context of non‐deceptive counterfeit brands

• This study investigates the relationships between six identified dimensions of perceived risk and the overall risk, and also their explanatory power to the overall risk when purchasing counterfeit brands in two different contexts. Using a self‐administered instrument, a total of 525 responses were collected, 230 from the UK and 295 from China. The results support the hypothesised significant interrelationship between the dimensions of perceived risk in both contexts. However there are some differences. The models have a different exploratory power, with the one based on the British sample being stronger, while a somewhat different combination of the risk dimensions seems to predict the overall risk in each context. The psychological risk is the only dimension of risk that with no doubt contributes to the formation of the overall risk in both contexts. Although one could argue that when purchasing counterfeits social risk could be an issue, the evidence reported in this study does not support the view.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Meta‐Analyses of the Relationship of Creative Achievement to Both IQ and Divergent Thinking Test Scores

There is disagreement among researchers about whether IQ tests or divergent thinking (DT) tests are better predictors of creative achievement. Resolving this dispute is complicated by the fact that some research has shown a relationship between IQ and DT test scores (e.g., Runco & Albert, 1986; Wallach, 1970). The present study conducted meta‐analyses of the relationships between creative achievement and both IQ and DT test scores. The analyses included 17 studies (with 5,544 participants) that established the correlation coefficients between IQ and creative achievement and 27 studies (with 47,197 participants) that established the correlation coefficients between DT test scores and creative achievement. Marginal, but statistically significant, Fisher's Z‐transformed correlation coefficients were revealed. The analysis found a significantly higher relationship between DT test scores and creative achievement (r = .216) than between IQ test scores and creative achievement (r = .167). The differences in the correlation coefficients were explained by differences in DT tests, creative achievement types, predicted time periods, and creativity subscales. The significant independent moderator effect for different DT tests indicates that the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) predict creative achievement better than any other DT test included in this study. Among the creative achievement types, music is predicted the best by IQ and all others are predicted best by DT tests. Among the time periods evaluated, the relationship between DT test scores and creative achievement had the highest correlation at the period of 11–15 years.     

Begegnung im Dienste des Begreifens

Starting with the question of why in certain instances acting out a counter-transference can lead to an “encounter in the service of comprehension” (Trimborn 1995), first Winnicott’s squiggle game in Gadamer’s (1960) sense is analyzed as an interpersonal hermeneutic circle. Then the effect and structure of recognition is clarified with sequences from Trimborn and Warsitz. This is done using Weiss and Simpson’s (1986) thought testing and Hegel’s concept of the fight for recognition in the form reworked by Honneth (1994). Finally, based on a case reported by Laimböck, the general significance of recognition in the analytical process is discussed. Recognition seems to be a cognitive and interactional moment of the analytical process that inexplicitly usually accompanies successful analysis, but when a narcissistic disorder is present it becomes the center of attention and important for successful analysis.     

Wie wirksam sind psychoanalytisch orientierte Therapie und Verhaltenstherapie bei Persönlichkeitsstörungen?

This meta-analysis adresses the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in personality disorders. Included were 14 studies of psychodynamic therapy and 11 studies of cognitive-behavioral therapy from 1974 to 2001. There is evidence that both psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy are effective treatments of personality disorders. As the number of studies that could be included in this meta-analysis was limited, the conclusions that can be drawn are only preliminary. Further studies which examine specific forms of psychotherapy in specific types of personality disorders using criteria of core psychopathology are necessary. Both longer periods of treatment and follow-up studies should be included.     

Von der Triade zum triangulären Raum

The concepts of oedipal triangle and early triangulations emphasize the significance of triadic relational experiences as well as corresponding phantasies for the psycho-sexual development and for mental functioning in psycho-analytic view. The connection of these triadic concepts with a symbolic and cultural framework leads to a fourth pole. It is only through this extension of the triad by a fourth pole to which the triadic scene is relating to that we can speak of a “triangular space” (Britton). By this turn of the existing two-dimensional concepts of triangulation into a three-dimensional space of imagination the experience inside the triad is becoming connected with the outside world. Thus the familiaristic reduction of thinking in the two-dimensional triangle father-mother-child is suspended in favour of a view which makes it possible to describe aspects of therapeutic triangulation more precisely.     

Somatoforme Störungen bei ambulanten dermatologischen Patienten

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Häufigkeit somatoformer Symptome in einer dermatologischen Universitätsambulanz untersucht. An der Studie nahmen n=195 Patienten teil, die Screeningfragen zu somatoformen, dermatologischen und depressiven Symptomen ausfüllten. Zusätzlich wurde eine dermatologische Beurteilung der Symptome hinsichtlich der Ätiologie erfasst. Danach wiesen 26,2% der Patienten Hinweise auf eine somatoforme Störung auf; am häufigsten waren somatoforme Schmerzstörung (16,9%) und körperdysmorphe Störung (15,4%). Unter den spezifischen dermatologischen Symptomen wurde Juckreiz besonders häufig (10,3%) als somatoform klassifiziert. Der Anteil von Patienten mit erhöhten depressiven Beschwerden lag bei 17,3%. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine erhöhte Prävalenz somatoformer Störungen bei dermatologischen Patienten. Die Identifizierung und psychotherapeutische Versorgung dieser Patientengruppe sollte in der dermatologischen Routineversorgung mehr Beachtung finden.     

Gegenübertragungsdiagnostik in der Psychotherapie suizidaler Männer

The diagnosis of suicidality is an important challenge in psychotherapy: The threat of life has to be determined, decisions in differential therapy must be made and the therapeutical relationship must be established. The psychoanalytical contribution to the diagnostics of suicidality is the analysis of transference and countertransference phenomena, of "scenic" actions and of enactments between patient and therapist. By a systematic qualitative research method ("forming ideal types by understanding") 5 prototypical transference-/countertransference situations at the beginning of outpatient psychodynamic psychotherapy of suicidal men are identified and out of them 3 ideal types are constructed. The object-alienated ideal type with an avoidant transference and "weak", e.g. unemotional complementary countertransference appears to be a special problem. If aggression and strong attachment wishes toward the object come into the therapeutic relationship, this often is an indicator for the contacts’strength and can lead to deactualisation of suicidality. The results are discussed with and supported by methodically different publications on object relations orientated aspects of suicidality.     

Paruresis

The paruretic disorder, a special subtype of social phobia, is presented. It has been almost completely neglected by German research. The disorder manifests in an inability to urinate in public rest rooms. The corresponding fears concern the loss of visual and/or acoustic privacy. Based on considerations about its etiology and pathogenesis a cognitive behavior-therapeutic intervention is recommended. This is illustrated by a case vignette of a 29-year-old male patient.     

Gewalt und Missbrauch in der Psychotherapie

Starting from the fundamental ethical principles of medicine, the different forms of abuse in psychotherapy are described and discussed in the context of particular case studies. Besides sexual abuse, also the more subtle violations of basic ethical principles are taken into consideration. These include especially orally-exploitative forms of abuse, therapists’ improper acting-out of their own desires for close attachment or dominance conflicts, and narcissictic abuse. Finally, a particular type of narcissistic abuse is dealt with: the over-emphasis on the therapist’s own therapeutic method, with a tendency to dismiss alternative treatment strategies that might be more appropriate for the individual patient.