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991.
Dr. Maureen W. Lovett 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1986,15(2):153-175
The constructs of accuracy and speed were adopted as performance criteria against which to define two clinical samples of disabled readers. Accuracy-disabled subjects had failed to achieve reliable age-appropriate word recognition skills. Rate-disabled readers were age-appropriate in word recognition accuracy but deficient on measures of contextual accuracy and reading speed. When their eye-voice spans were measured under different text manipulations, accuracy-disabled and rate-disabled children differed in the magnitude of their perceptual spans during the act of reading. The two samples did not differ in the extent to which they availed themselves of contextual constraints to extend their spans in the reading of connected text. Both samples of disabled readers appeared able to use syntactic information as an independent source of sentential information in reading, even the sample whose reading disability was associated with oral syntax deficits. Comparisons with a previous sample of normal beginning readers suggested both types of disabled readers to be reading with perceptual spans of reduced dimensions.This research was supported by operating funds from the Medical Research Council of Canada, the Ontario Mental Health Foundation/COMSOC Provincial Lottery Grants Program, and The Hospital for Sick Children Foundation. The author gratefully acknowledges the generous contributions of Terry Smialy and Judy Millington in assisting with all phases of data collection and data analysis. Special thanks are due Judy Millington for her skill in computing and analyzing the phrase boundary and pseudoboundary counts. Identification of the present rate-disabled subjects was made possible through the assistance of Andrew Biemiller, Donald G. Doehring, and Roger T. Lennon, who made previously unpublished normative data on reading speed available for use in this research project. The generosity of these individuals is very gratefully acknowledged. This paper was presented in part to the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, California, August 1983. 相似文献
992.
This study investigated the effects of noncontingent social reinforcement on social and academic behaviors in grade school children. Twenty-four children in the second through fifth grades were selected on the basis of teacher ratings of disruptive behavior. Subjects were divided into (a) a high social reinforcement verbal self-instructional (VSI) training group, (b) a low social reinforcement VSI group, and (c) a no-contact control group. Children in VSI groups were removed from their classrooms during four 40-minute periods and given VSI training. Significant between-groups differences on measures of social reinforcement were found indicating its successful manipulation. While none of the dependent measures indicated significant differences between experimental groups, a consistent pattern of difference scores emerged giving limited support to the hypothesis that noncontingent social reinforcement contributed to behavioral gains. Results are discussed in terms of the need for future research on the effects of rapport on treatment outcome.Both authors wish to express their thanks to the Missoula public school administration, principals, psychologists, and teachers. Appreciation is also due to Matthew Firpo and Anita Fisher for their help in this project. 相似文献
993.
Sixty-nine university students were asked to describe the sensations and to identify the loci of those sensations for 34 emotions. The methods of reporting were introspection, retrospection, and recollection. There was no evidence that any method was consistently better than the others. Also, there was no evidence that the reports given were the result of social or linguistic convention rather than reports of actual sensory experience. Cochran's Q test showed that, within each emotion, the kinds of loci cited differed significantly, and that for all but one locus, the frequencies for the emotions differed significantly. Principal component analysis showed six locus factors clustered on stomach, face, head, heart, hands-heart, and eyes. Although not distinctive for all emotions, there were characteristic patterns of sensory loci and sensory qualities as shown by high frequencies of citation. It is suggested that these loci and qualities are one of several components of experienced emotion. The results are seen as supporting subjective or phenomenological studies of emotion, and are discussed with special reference to facial feedback theories of emotion.This research was supported, in part, by a grant from the President's Research Fund of Simon Fraser University. 相似文献
994.
Ted Crawford Dr. Albert Ellis 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》1989,7(1):3-28
Rational-emotive therapy (RET) hypothesizes that people mainly make themselves emotionally disturbed and dysfunctional in their behavior by starting with rational Beliefs (rBs) about their Goals (G) and then by consciously or unconsciously converting these into irrational Beliefs (iBs) or dogmatic, absolutistic musts and commands. To help clients and others to clearly see the differences between their rational Beliefs and their irrational Beliefs, to understand the disordered feelings and behaviors to which the latter lead, and to help them become more rational, less disturbed, and less dysfunctional in their activities, the authors have constructed and herewith present a dictionary of rational-emotive equivalents.Ted Crawford is a Consultant on Communication and Group Processes in Santa Barbara, California. Albert Ellis, Ph.D., is the Executive Director of the Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy in New York City. 相似文献
995.
996.
Dr. Melvin L. Morse M.D. Dr. David Venecia Jr. M.D. Dr. Jerrold Milstein M.D. 《Journal of Near-Death Studies》1989,8(1):45-53
Prior hypotheses as to the etiology of near-death experiences (NDEs) have been limited to psychiatric explanations or brief discussions of endorphins as causative agents. We present a neurophysiological explanation for NDEs based on their similarities with lysergic acid-, ketamine-, and hypercapnia-induced hallucinations. We believe the core NDE is genetically imprinted and triggered by serotonergic mechanisms. 相似文献
997.
Dr. Barbara A. Walker Ph.D. Dr. Robert D. Russell Ed.D. 《Journal of Near-Death Studies》1989,8(2):103-110
Nina Thornburg's (1988) Near-Death Phenomena Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire was distributed to 326 randomly selected Illinois psychologists. Of 117 usable questionnaires received, the mean score for knowledge questions was 7.5 of a maximum score of 18. Respondents were most knowledgeable about near-death elements of peace, out-of-body transcendence, and tunnel/light phenomena. The mean score for the attitude portion of the instrument was 61.3 of a maximum score of 85 points for the most positive attitude. Seven percent of the respondents indicated having had a near-death experience, 19% indicated having counseling near-death experiencers, and 28% indicated having had personal contacts with an experiencer. 相似文献
998.
Barbara Wise Richard Olson Mike Anstett Lauralyn Andrews Maureen Terjak Vivian Schneider Julie Kostuch Laura Kriho 《Behavior research methods》1989,21(2):173-180
This paper discusses hardware choices, software developments, implementation issues, and preliminary results from an ongoing long-term remedial reading study. Reading-disabled children read books on microcomputers linked to speech synthesizers, obtaining speech feedback on difficult words at whole-word, syllable, or subsyllable levels of segmentation. Word-recognition ability and attitude about reading improved for children using the system. In addition, segmented feedback especially benefited phonological word-decoding skills for most of the children. 相似文献
999.
Charles R. Greenwood Barbara Terry Carmen Arreaga-Mayer Rebecca Finney 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1992,25(1):101-116
We conducted a study designed to assess implementation of the classwide peer tutoring program and the relationship between implementation variation and student outcome. A clinical replication design was used. Five volunteer elementary teachers were trained to implement the program; their implementation was monitored for 19 consecutive weeks during 1 school year. Overall, the results indicated that specific variations in program implementation were associated with students' responses to treatment. It was also demonstrated that different teachers' applications of the program produced differential levels of student outcome. Implementation factors related to lower spelling achievement were (a) reduced opportunities to receive program sessions, (b) reduced probabilities of students' participation in program opportunities, (c) too many students assigned unchallenging spelling words, and (d) reduced rates of daily point earning reflecting lower levels of spelling practice during tutoring sessions. The implications of these findings and methods of preventing these implementation problems are discussed in the context of quality assurance and social validity. 相似文献
1000.
Rev. Dr. Laurene Beth Bowers 《Pastoral Psychology》1992,41(1):23-30
Conclusion The trauma of child abuse resides not only in the event itself but also arises from dynamics of victimization which causes secondary trauma. Acting-out among adolescents is symbolic of these dynamics. This article has explored an ecological perspective to present a relational model of pastoral care, uplifting the impact of victimization on both the individual and the community, as well as the individual's interaction within the community.Before we nail another acting-out adolescent to the cross, we must admit here and now that the deviance manifested in victimization and its corollary, the conformity of silence, are oppressive social forces which contradict our call to transform blindness into witness, silence into revelation, and separation into reconciliation. Jesus advocated against conformity to social inadequacies, and pointed to something greater as he reconciled the separated, helpless victims to the love of a caring God. 相似文献