父母心理控制与小学生的欺负行为:敌意归因和冷酷无情的作用检验

采用班级整群抽样法选取1847名3~6年级小学生（男生987名;平均年龄10.73±1.16岁）及其家长为被试,采用问卷法考察父母心理控制与小学生欺负行为的关系,同时探讨敌意归因和冷酷无情的中介作用。结果发现：（1）父母心理控制显著正向预测小学生的欺负行为;（2）冷酷无情在父母心理控制与小学生欺负行为间的关系中存在中介作用,敌意归因不发挥中介作用;（3）父母心理控制对小学生欺负行为影响的中介机制不存在显著的性别差异和学段差异。本研究结果表明,冷酷无情是父母心理控制影响小学生欺负行为的重要机制,但敌意归因不是。研究者和实践者应注重对欺负者情感加工能力的关注和干预。     

Conservation as a predictor of individual differences in children’s susceptibility to leading questions

The relationships between susceptibility to leading questions and several individual differences variables—namely number and mass conservation; self-rated social desirability; and teacher-rated assertive social skills, shyness-anxiousness, and acting out—were examined for 36 first graders. As predicted, children whose conservation skills were more advanced were least susceptible to leading questions. However, there was no reliable direct association with any of the four personality variables assessed. Results were interpreted as evidence that the ability to simultaneously consider multiple dimensions may be one general cognitive factor underlying developmental and individual differences in susceptibility to leading questions.     

Sensitivity to status-based rejection: implications for African American students' college experience

The authors proposed a process model whereby experiences of rejection based on membership in a devalued group can lead people to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to status-based rejection. To test the model, the authors focused on race-based rejection sensitivity (RS-race) among African Americans. Following the development and validation of the RS-Race Questionnaire (Studies 1 and 2), the authors tested the utility of the model for understanding African American students' experiences at a predominantly White university (Study 3). Students high in RS-race experienced greater discomfort during the college transition, less trust in the university, and relative declines in grades over a 2- to 3-year period. Positive race-related experiences, however, increased feelings of belonging at the institution among students high in RS-race.     

The Assessment of Hyperactivity and Attention (AHA): development and preliminary validation of a brief self-assessment of adult ADHD

A brief self-rating scale, the Assessment of Hyperactivity and Attention (AHA), was developed and validated using a "gold standard" DSM-based semi-structured interview. The sample consisted of 101 smokers (74% male, 73% Caucasian)-38.6% with no DSM-IV ADHD diagnosis, 10.9% with a childhood diagnosis only, and 50.5% with an adult diagnosis (requiring childhood diagnosis as well). The mean age SD was 33.7 9.7; participants smoked a mean of 19.0 5.6 cigarettes/day. Results indicate that the AHA has utility as a screening tool and as a self-report assessment of ADHD with sensitivity of .80, specificity of .60, positive predictive power of .67, negative predictive power of .75, kappa of .40, odds ratio of 6.15, and an area under the curve (receiver operating characteristic analysis) of .79. Given the high rate of ADHD among smokers, the AHA may be useful in identifying smokers who may need more in-depth clinical evaluation for attentional problems.     

Number of siblings and intellectual development. The resource dilution explanation.

The resource dilution model posits that parental resources are finite and that as the number of children in the family increases, the resources accrued by any one child necessarily decline. Siblings are competitors for parents' time, energy, and financial resources and so the fewer the better. Even one sibling is too many. The author describes the general elements of the dilution position and assesses its merits for explaining the effect of siblings on one component of the educational process--tests of intellectual development. The author identifies critical flaws in recent critiques of the dilution position and concludes that dilution continues to provide the most promising explanation for why children with few siblings score higher on tests of cognitive skills than children with many siblings.     

冠心病的介入治疗——药物洗脱支架还是裸支架？

冠心病的治疗包括多种方式,在强化内科保守治疗的基础上,采用经皮冠状动脉介入治疗既可以改善患者的生活质量又能降低病死率。介入治疗中最重要的方式是支架植入。但应用药物洗脱支架,还是普通金属裸支架一直是近两年来的争论焦点。BASKET-LATE研究的发布,更给药物洗脱支架的应用蒙上了可怕的阴影。就我们现阶段的实际临床应用而言,只要服用足够长的至少双联抗小血板药物治疗,药物洗脱支架的应用还是安全的,而且临床主要心血管事件较裸支架明显降低。     

Engineering Ethics and Identity: Emerging Initiatives in Comparative Perspective

This article describes and accounts for variable interests in engineering ethics in France, Germany, and Japan by locating recent initiatives in relation to the evolving identities of engineers. A key issue in ethics education for engineers concerns the relationship between the identity of the engineer and the responsibilities of engineering work. This relationship has varied significantly over time and from place to place around the world. One methodological strategy for sorting out similarities and differences in engineers’ identities is to ask the “who” question. Who is an engineer? Or, what makes one an engineer? While engineering ethics has attracted little interest in France and formal education in the subject might be seen as redundant, German engineering societies have, since the conclusion of World War II, demanded from engineers a strong commitment to social responsibility through technology evaluation and assessment. In Japan, a recent flourishing of interest in engineering ethics appears to be linked to concerns that corporations no longer function properly as Japanese “households.” In each case, deliberations over engineering ethics emerge as part of the process through which engineers work to keep their fields in alignment with changing images of advancement in society.     

《中国科学技术史·年表卷》北宋部分医学内容再考

作为一部重要的年表类工具书,《中国科学技术史·年表卷》概述了北宋时期出现的医学重大事件、方书著作、医政制度等,绝大多数条目都附有引用文献,但其中部分内容偏离了历史史实,引用文献也屡现差错。通过查找相关原始文献、二手文献,重新辨析相关医学事件发生年代、书籍名称、作者姓名、官方医学教育、机构名称等方面的谬误,包括时代混淆、文字讹漏等。建议编撰时应尽可能地将相关古籍的不同版本搜集殆尽,从而比较其内容的文字差异性,并针对现代研究文献列出的数据,应尽量仔细核对其真实性。

     

道家药匮理论在《圣济总录》中的转型与利用

药匮早期是指道家炼丹时所用的容器及辅料,有内外匮之分,后世医家借鉴道家药匮思想发挥到药物炮制中,内匮运用偏于炮制药物辅料之性,外匮则兼有辅料及容器的双重特性。通过归纳分析《圣济总录》中外匮和内匮的具体应用,研究后世医家运用道家药匮思想在中药炮制上的反映,进一步阐释药匮在药物炮制中发挥的具体作用。探讨药匮思想的起源与发展,深入挖掘药匮应用与道家炼丹之间的关系,剖析后世医家运用药匮的历史沿革及药性理论的发展,探索医家在药匮思想上的继承与创新,对临床中药炮制的发展和应用具有借鉴指导意义。

     

道家去火毒法在《圣济总录》矿物类药炮制中的转变与利用

道家去火毒法源于道教炼丹术,是去除矿物类药火毒的特殊炮制方法。《圣济总录》部分继承和发展了道家去火毒方法,使矿物类药去火毒法成为《圣济总录》的一大特色。整理归纳《圣济总录》中的矿物类药去火毒法,对书中的方法深层次剖析,进一步阐释道家去火毒法在矿物类药炮制中发挥的具体作用;同时,深入挖掘生熟辅料、药衬、炮制装置以及特殊服法对矿物类药炮制去火毒的作用。《圣济总录》继承了道家去火毒法并进行改进,其去火毒法对现代矿物类药的炮制方法具有指导与启发意义。