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131.
Guido Boella Dov M. Gabbay Valerio Genovese Leendert van der Torre 《Studia Logica》2009,92(3):395-436
We study access control policies based on the says operator by introducing a logical framework called Fibred Security Language (FSL) which is able to deal with features like
joint responsibility between sets of principals and to identify them by means of first-order formulas. FSL is based on a multimodal
logic methodology. We first discuss the main contributions from the expressiveness point of view, we give semantics for the
language both for classical and intuitionistic fragment), we then prove that in order to express well-known properties like
‘speaks-for’ or ‘hand-off’, defined in terms of says, we do not need second-order logic (unlike previous approaches) but a decidable fragment of first-order logic suffices. We
propose a model-driven study of the says axiomatization by constraining the Kripke models in order to respect desirable security properties, we study how existing
access control logics can be translated into FSL and we give completeness for the logic. 相似文献
132.
We used a memory paradigm to test whether the nature of representations of the self within long-term memory differed as a function of cultural background. In Western samples words encoded in relation to the self are typically remembered better, and Euro-Canadian participants here showed this standard self-reference effect. However, Asian-Canadian participants were slower to recognize personal traits (as opposed to collective traits) when these traits had been encoded in reference to the self, suggesting a more elaborate representation of the collective self than the personal self in long-term memory. Further, memory was actually inhibited for Asian-Canadians when personal traits were encoded in reference to the self (vs. encoded with other referents). Differences in long-term memory trace strength for self-related data may emerge even as differences in the working self do not, and implications of this difference are discussed. 相似文献
133.
This study assessed the role of individualism and collectivism in the shaping of personal values of Canadians, Israelis, and Palestinians. Based on Sagie and Elizur's (1996) multifaceted approach, we distinguished personal values that are individual centered (i.e., associated with one's home, family, or work) from collective-centered values (i.e., associated with the religion, sports, or politics). The magnitude of the difference between both value types differs according to cultural orientation. As compared with Palestinians, we predicted that Canadians and Israelis would rank individual-centered values higher and collective-centered values lower. Data obtained from samples of Palestinians, Israelis, and Canadians supported this hypothesis. 相似文献
134.
In order to test the social mechanisms through which organizational climate emerges, this article introduces a model that combines transformational leadership and social interaction as antecedents of climate strength (i.e., the degree of within-unit agreement about climate perceptions). Despite their longstanding status as primary variables, both antecedents have received limited empirical research. The sample consisted of 45 platoons of infantry soldiers from 5 different brigades, using safety climate as the exemplar. Results indicate a partially mediated model between transformational leadership and climate strength, with density of group communication network as the mediating variable. In addition, the results showed independent effects for group centralization of the communication and friendship networks, which exerted incremental effects on climate strength over transformational leadership. Whereas centralization of the communication network was found to be negatively related to climate strength, centralization of the friendship network was positively related to it. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
135.
Second-order quantifier elimination in the context of classical logic emerged as a powerful technique in many applications,
including the correspondence theory, relational databases, deductive and knowledge databases, knowledge representation, commonsense
reasoning and approximate reasoning. In the current paper we first generalize the result of Nonnengart and Szałas [17] by
allowing second-order variables to appear within higher-order contexts. Then we focus on a semantical analysis of conditionals,
using the introduced technique and Gabbay’s semantics provided in [10] and substantially using a third-order accessibility
relation. The analysis is done via finding correspondences between axioms involving conditionals and properties of the underlying
third-order relation.
Presented by Wojciech Buszkowski 相似文献
136.
Abduction is or subsumes a process of inference. It entertains possible hypotheses and it chooses hypotheses for further scrutiny.
There is a large literature on various aspects of non-symbolic, subconscious abduction. There is also a very active research
community working on the symbolic (logical) characterisation of abduction, which typically treats it as a form of hypothetico-deductive
reasoning. In this paper we start to bridge the gap between the symbolic and sub-symbolic approaches to abduction. We are
interested in benefiting from developments made by each community. In particular, we are interested in the ability of non-symbolic
systems (neural networks) to learn from experience using efficient algorithms and to perform massively parallel computations
of alternative abductive explanations. At the same time, we would like to benefit from the rigour and semantic clarity of
symbolic logic. We present two approaches to dealing with abduction in neural networks. One of them uses Connectionist Modal
Logic and a translation of Horn clauses into modal clauses to come up with a neural network ensemble that computes abductive
explanations in a top-down fashion. The other combines neural-symbolic systems and abductive logic programming and proposes
a neural architecture which performs a more systematic, bottom-up computation of alternative abductive explanations. Both
approaches employ standard neural network architectures which are already known to be highly effective in practical learning
applications. Differently from previous work in the area, our aim is to promote the integration of reasoning and learning
in a way that the neural network provides the machinery for cognitive computation, inductive learning and hypothetical reasoning,
while logic provides the rigour and explanation capability to the systems, facilitating the interaction with the outside world.
Although it is left as future work to determine whether the structure of one of the proposed approaches is more amenable to
learning than the other, we hope to have contributed to the development of the area by approaching it from the perspective
of symbolic and sub-symbolic integration.
相似文献
John WoodsEmail: |
137.
This study focuses on daily work events as proximal stimuli for discrete emotional reactions and suggests that availability of energy resources required for coping with goal-disruptive events, or for capitalizing on new opportunities offered by goal-enhancing events, influences intensity of emotional reactions. Using experience-sampling methodology with a sample of hospital residents, it is shown that negative emotion and fatigue following disruptive events are intensified when only limited energy resources are available due to current workload. However, positive emotions, promoted by goal-enhancing events, are mitigated due to inability to capitalize on new opportunities or challenges. Aftereffects of work events reveal that the energizing effect of goal-enhancing events mitigates end-of-day fatigue and negative emotion on high-workload days, although the effect of disruptive events is diminished by the end of such days, apparently because of lesser conspicuity against a background of high workload. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
138.
Previous studies have reported that imagination can induce false autobiographical memories. This finding has been used to
suggest that psychotherapists who have clients imagine suspected repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse may, in fact,
be inducing false memories for the imagined events. In this study, at Time 1 and then, 2 weeks later, at Time 2, 145 subjects
rated each of 20 events on the Life Events Inventory as to whether each had occurred to them in childhood. One week after
Time 1, the subjects were told that 2 target events were plausible and 2 were implausible. They were then asked to imagine
1 plausible and 1 implausible target event. Plausibility and imagining interacted to affect occurrence ratings; whereas imagining
plausible events increased the change in occurrence ratings, imagining implausible events had no effect on occurrence ratings. 相似文献
139.
D. M. Gabbay 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2002,31(3):211-243
A hypermodality is a connective whose meaning depends on where in the formula it occurs. The paper motivates the notion and shows that hypermodal logics are much more expressive than traditional modal logics. In fact we show that logics with very simple K hypermodalities are not complete for any neighbourhood frames. 相似文献
140.
Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions 总被引:42,自引:0,他引:42
Subjective well-being (SWB) is evaluation of life in terms of satisfaction and balance between positive and negative affect; psychological well-being (PWB) entails perception of engagement with existential challenges of life. The authors hypothesized that these research streams are conceptually related but empirically distinct and that combinations of them relate differentially to sociodemographics and personality. Data are from a national sample of 3,032 Americans aged 25-74. Factor analyses confirmed the related-but-distinct status of SWB and PWB. The probability of optimal well-being (high SWB and PWB) increased as age, education, extraversion, and conscientiousness increased and as neuroticism decreased. Compared with adults with higher SWB than PWB. adults with higher PWB than SWB were younger, had more education, and showed more openness to experience. 相似文献