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941.
Nathalie Boutros Michael Davison Douglas Elliffe 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2009,91(1):41-60
Five pigeons responded on steady-state concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules of food presentation in which half of the foods were removed and replaced with nonfood stimuli. Across conditions, the stimuli were either paired or unpaired with food, and the correlation between the ratio of food deliveries on the two alternatives and the ratio of nonfood stimuli was either −1, 0, or +1. Neither the pairing of stimuli with food, nor the correlation between stimuli and food, affected generalized-matching performance, but paired stimuli had a demonstrable effect at a local level of analysis. This effect was independent of the food–stimulus correlation. These results differ from results previously obtained in a frequently changing environment. We attribute this difference in results to differences in the information value of response-contingent stimuli in frequently changing versus relatively constant environments, as well as to differences between forward pairing and simultaneous pairing of the stimuli with food. 相似文献
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Lorenza Dallago Douglas D. Perkins Massimo Santinello Will Boyce Michal Molcho Antony Morgan 《American journal of community psychology》2009,44(1-2):148-160
In adolescence, children become increasingly independent and autonomous, and spend more time in neighborhood settings away from home. During mid-to-late adolescence, youth often become more critical about the place they live. Their attachment to home and even community may decrease as they explore and develop new attachments to other specific places. The aim of this study is to understand how 15-year-old students from 13 countries perceive their local neighborhood area (place attachment, social capital and safety), and how these different community cognitions are interrelated. We hypothesize that their place attachment predicts safety, and that the relationship is mediated in part by social capital. Result show that, despite cross-cultural differences in neighborhood perceptions, the proposed theoretical model fits robustly across all 13 countries. 相似文献
944.
There is considerable evidence that individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience problems interpreting the emotional state of others. However, the functional implications of these changes have not been fully investigated. A study of 13 individuals with severe TBI and an equal number of matched controls found that TBI participants had significantly more difficulty interpreting facial expression and matching emotions to social situations. A significant relationship was also established between social integration and ability to interpret facial expression for TBI participants. These results support the inclusion of therapy targeting this area within rehabilitation programs for individuals with TBI. 相似文献
945.
Douglas M. Leonard Robert A. Steer David J. Rissmiller Aaron T. Beck 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(1):67-73
To determine whether self-reported symptoms of depression are differentiated by changes in sleeping patterns or appetite,
the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck et al. 1996) was administered to 1,250 outpatients diagnosed with a major depressive
disorder. A series of focused contrasts supported the hypothesis that the mean BDI-II total scores and the majority of the
symptom ratings of the outpatients who described increases or decreases in their sleeping patterns or appetites were comparable
and higher than the mean BDI-II total scores and symptom ratings of the patients who reported no changes in their sleeping
patterns or appetites. However, the patients who were sleeping less described themselves as being more agitated than those
who were sleeping more. Decreases and increases in sleep or appetite were both discussed as indicating comparable levels of
depressive symptomatology.
相似文献
Robert A. SteerEmail: |
946.
Richard H. Smith Caitlin A. J. Powell David J. Y. Combs David Ryan Schurtz 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2009,3(4):530-546
We summarize the empirical work on schadenfreude , or pleasure felt at someone else's misfortune. Although schadenfreude is a socially undesirable emotion, research reveals at least three conditions in which it commonly arises. One condition is when observers gain from the misfortune. We discuss research showing that gains in ingroup outcomes based on the failures of rival outgroups can create schadenfreude , especially for those highly identified with their ingroups. A second condition is when another's misfortune is deserved. We focus on research showing that the misfortunes of hypocrites are perceived as highly deserved and therefore create schadenfreude in observers. A third condition is when a misfortune befalls an envied person. We summarize studies showing that the core ingredients of envy prime the envying person for schadenfreude when the envied person suffers. 相似文献
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