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891.
892.
Anderson US Perea EF Becker DV Ackerman JM Shapiro JR Neuberg SL Kenrick DT 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2010,46(5):804-808
A number of studies have found a disjunction between women’s attention to, and memory for, handsome men. Although women pay initial attention to handsome men, they do not remember those men later. The present study examines how ovulation might differentially affect these attentional and memory processes. We found that women near ovulation increased their visual attention to attractive men. However, this increased visual attention did not translate into better memory. Discussion focuses on possible explanations, in the context of an emerging body of findings on disjunctions between attention to, and memory for, other people. 相似文献
893.
Sense of Community, Neighboring, and Social Capital as Predictors of Local Political Participation in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Qingwen Xu Douglas D. Perkins Julian Chun-Chung Chow 《American journal of community psychology》2010,45(3-4):259-271
This study examines the state of sense of community, neighboring behavior, and social capital in the People’s Republic of China, and explores their ability to predict local political participation, in the form of voting in elections for Urban Resident/Rural Villager Committees. Using a nationally representative survey, rural, older and married residents and those with a primary or high school education and higher perceived socio-economic status are more likely to participate. In rural areas, men are more likely than women to vote. For urban residents, knowing one’s neighbors is more important whereas in rural areas, neighboring behavior is more important, but both predict voting. Social capital does not generally predict Chinese people’s local political participation. Western definitions of social capital derived from theories about networking, bonding and bridging ties may be too culturally individualistic for China, whose collectivist society and agrarian kinship networks predate Communism. Simply knowing and helping one’s neighbors, rather than more abstract notions of trust, reciprocity or membership, may lead to the development of local democracy. 相似文献
894.
Heather Douglas 《Synthese》2010,177(3):317-335
Philosophy of science was once a much more socially engaged endeavor, and can be so again. After a look back at philosophy
of science in the 1930s–1950s, I turn to discuss the current potential for returning to a more engaged philosophy of science.
Although philosophers of science have much to offer scientists and the public, I am skeptical that much can be gained by philosophers
importing off-the-shelf discussions from philosophy of science to science and society. Such efforts will likely look like
efforts to do applied ethics by merely applying ethical theories to particular contexts and problems. While some insight can
be gained by these kinds of endeavors, the most interesting and pressing problems for the actual practitioners and users of
science are rarely addressed. Instead, I recommend that philosophers of science engage seriously and regularly with scientists
and/or the users of science in order to gain an understanding of the conceptual issues on the ground. From such engagement,
flaws in the traditional philosophical frameworks, and how such flaws can be remedied, become apparent. Serious engagement
with the contexts of science thus provides the most fruit for philosophy of science per se and for the practitioners whom the philosophers aim to assist. And if one focuses on contexts where science has its most
social relevance, these efforts can help to provide the thing that philosophy of science now lacks: a full-bodied philosophy
of science in society. 相似文献
895.
Schultz DH Helmstetter FJ 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2010,36(4):495-500
The role of contingency awareness in classical conditioning experiments using human subjects is currently under debate. This study took a novel approach to manipulating contingency awareness in a differential Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. Complex sine wave gratings were used as visual conditional stimuli (CS). By manipulating the fundamental spatial frequency of the displays, we were able to construct pairs of stimuli that varied in discriminability. One group of subjects was given an "easy" discrimination, and another was exposed to a "difficult" CS+ and CS-. A 3rd group was exposed to a stimulus that was paired with the unconditional stimulus (UCS) 50% of the time and served as a control. Skin conductance response (SCR) and continuous UCS expectancy data were measured concurrently throughout the experiment. Differential UCS expectancy was found only in the easy discrimination group. Differential SCRs were found in the easy discrimination group as well as in the difficult discrimination group, but not in the 50% contingency control. The difficult discrimination group did not exhibit differential UCS expectancy but did show clear differential SCR. These observations support a dual process interpretation of classical conditioning whereby conditioning on an implicit level can occur without explicit knowledge about the contingencies. The role of contingency awareness in classical conditioning experiments using human subjects is currently under debate. This study took a novel approach to manipulating contingency awareness in a differential Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. Complex sine wave gratings were used as visual conditional stimuli (CS). By manipulating the fundamental spatial frequency of the displays, we were able to construct pairs of stimuli that varied in discriminability. One group of subjects was given an "easy" discrimination, and another was exposed to a "difficult" CS+ and CS-. A 3rd group was exposed to a stimulus that was paired with the unconditional stimulus (UCS) 50% of the time and served as a control. Skin conductance response (SCR) and continuous UCS expectancy data were measured concurrently throughout the experiment. Differential UCS expectancy was found only in the easy discrimination group. Differential SCRs were found in the easy discrimination group as well as in the difficult discrimination group, but not in the 50% contingency control. The difficult discrimination group did not exhibit differential UCS expectancy but did show clear differential SCR. These observations support a dual process interpretation of classical conditioning whereby conditioning on an implicit level can occur without explicit knowledge about the contingencies. 相似文献
896.
Katharina Kircanski Douglas W. Woods Susanna W. Chang Emily J. Ricketts John C. Piacentini 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(6):777-788
Tic disorders are heterogeneous, with symptoms varying widely both within and across patients. Exploration of symptom clusters
may aid in the identification of symptom dimensions of empirical and treatment import. This article presents the results of
two studies investigating tic symptom clusters using a sample of 99 youth (M age = 10.7, 81% male, 77% Caucasian) diagnosed
with a primary tic disorder (Tourette’s disorder or chronic tic disorder), across two university-based outpatient clinics
specializing in tic and related disorders. In Study 1, a cluster analysis of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) identified
four symptom dimensions: predominantly complex tics; simple head/face tics; simple body tics; and simple vocal/facial tics.
In Study 2, these clusters were shown to be differentially associated with demographic and clinical characteristics. Findings
lend support to prior research on tic phenomenology, help to organize treatment goals, and suggest symptom dimensions of tic
disorders for further evaluation. 相似文献
897.
Bianca Klettke Arthur C. Graesser Martine B. Powell 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(4):481-494
Psychological experts have been used increasingly to testify in child sexual abuse cases, yet little research has investigated what specific factors make experts effective. This study examined the potential effects that credentials, evidence strength and coherence may have on juror decision making. Sixty‐four mock jurors read cases of child sexual abuse, followed by experts' testimony and rated guilt of the defendant, effectiveness of the expert testimony and credibility of the victim. Evidence strength and coherence of the testimony affected all dependent variables, and the interaction was significant. Guilt ratings of the defendant were lower and the victim was rated as less credible when both evidence strength and coherence were low. The credentials of the expert, however, had negligible impact. These findings indicate that experts can be effective and impact jurors when testimony is either high in coherence or high in evidence. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
898.
This article analyses the fallacy of wrenching from context, using the dialectical notions of commitment and implicature as
tools. The data, a set of key examples, is used to sharpen the conceptual borderlines around the related fallacies of straw
man, accent, misquotation, and neglect of qualifications. According to the analysis, the main characteristics of wrenching
from context are the manipulation of the meaning of the other’s statement through devices such as the use of misquotations,
selective quotations, and quoting out of context. The theoretical tools employed in the analysis are pragmatic theories of
meaning and a dialectical model of commitment, used to explain how and why a standpoint is distorted. The analysis is based
on a conception of fallacies as deceptive strategic moves in a game of dialogue. As a consequence, our focus is not only on
misquotations as distortions of meaning, but on how they are used as dialectical tools to attack an opponent or win a dispute.
Wrenching from context is described as a fallacy of unfairly attributing a commitment to another party that he never held.
Its power as a deceptive argumentation tactic is based on complex mechanisms of implicit commitments and on their misemployment
to improperly suggest an attribution of commitment. 相似文献
899.
900.
Maria L. Cronley Susan Powell Mantel Frank R. Kardes 《Journal of Consumer Psychology》2010,20(3):274-281
This study investigates the effects of accuracy motivation and need to evaluate on online vs. memory-based attitude formation and attitude–behavior consistency. Results show that online attitude formation is more likely when accuracy motivation or the need to evaluate is high. However, cognitive load disrupts online attitude formation even when accuracy motivation is high. Additionally, attitude relevance increases the likelihood of online attitude formation, but attitude accessibility does not. Furthermore, online (vs. memory-based) attitudes are more predictive of subsequent non-hypothetical choice. 相似文献