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881.
Predicting the Emergence of Community Psychology and Community Development in 91 Countries with Brief Case Studies of Chile and Ghana
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Using a mixed‐method analysis, we propose and test a framework for predicting the international development of community psychology (CP) and community development (CD) as two examples of applied community‐based research (CBR) disciplines aiming to link local knowledge generation with social change. Multiple regressions on an international sample of 91 countries were used to determine the relative influences of preexisting grassroots activism, population size, social and economic development, and civil liberties on estimates of the current strength of CP and CD based on Internet search and review of training courses and programs, published articles and journals, and professional organizations and conferences in these countries. Our results provide support for the proposed model and suggest that grassroots activism positively accounts for the development of CP and CD, above and beyond the influences of the other predictors. Brief qualitative case‐study analyses of Chile (high CP, low CD) and Ghana (high CD, low CP) explore the limitations of our quantitative model and the importance of considering other historical, sociopolitical, cultural, and geographic factors for explaining the development of CP, CD, and other applied community studies. 相似文献
882.
883.
Anderson US Perea EF Becker DV Ackerman JM Shapiro JR Neuberg SL Kenrick DT 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2010,46(5):804-808
A number of studies have found a disjunction between women’s attention to, and memory for, handsome men. Although women pay initial attention to handsome men, they do not remember those men later. The present study examines how ovulation might differentially affect these attentional and memory processes. We found that women near ovulation increased their visual attention to attractive men. However, this increased visual attention did not translate into better memory. Discussion focuses on possible explanations, in the context of an emerging body of findings on disjunctions between attention to, and memory for, other people. 相似文献
884.
Sense of Community, Neighboring, and Social Capital as Predictors of Local Political Participation in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Qingwen Xu Douglas D. Perkins Julian Chun-Chung Chow 《American journal of community psychology》2010,45(3-4):259-271
This study examines the state of sense of community, neighboring behavior, and social capital in the People’s Republic of China, and explores their ability to predict local political participation, in the form of voting in elections for Urban Resident/Rural Villager Committees. Using a nationally representative survey, rural, older and married residents and those with a primary or high school education and higher perceived socio-economic status are more likely to participate. In rural areas, men are more likely than women to vote. For urban residents, knowing one’s neighbors is more important whereas in rural areas, neighboring behavior is more important, but both predict voting. Social capital does not generally predict Chinese people’s local political participation. Western definitions of social capital derived from theories about networking, bonding and bridging ties may be too culturally individualistic for China, whose collectivist society and agrarian kinship networks predate Communism. Simply knowing and helping one’s neighbors, rather than more abstract notions of trust, reciprocity or membership, may lead to the development of local democracy. 相似文献
885.
Heather Douglas 《Synthese》2010,177(3):317-335
Philosophy of science was once a much more socially engaged endeavor, and can be so again. After a look back at philosophy
of science in the 1930s–1950s, I turn to discuss the current potential for returning to a more engaged philosophy of science.
Although philosophers of science have much to offer scientists and the public, I am skeptical that much can be gained by philosophers
importing off-the-shelf discussions from philosophy of science to science and society. Such efforts will likely look like
efforts to do applied ethics by merely applying ethical theories to particular contexts and problems. While some insight can
be gained by these kinds of endeavors, the most interesting and pressing problems for the actual practitioners and users of
science are rarely addressed. Instead, I recommend that philosophers of science engage seriously and regularly with scientists
and/or the users of science in order to gain an understanding of the conceptual issues on the ground. From such engagement,
flaws in the traditional philosophical frameworks, and how such flaws can be remedied, become apparent. Serious engagement
with the contexts of science thus provides the most fruit for philosophy of science per se and for the practitioners whom the philosophers aim to assist. And if one focuses on contexts where science has its most
social relevance, these efforts can help to provide the thing that philosophy of science now lacks: a full-bodied philosophy
of science in society. 相似文献
886.
Schultz DH Helmstetter FJ 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2010,36(4):495-500
The role of contingency awareness in classical conditioning experiments using human subjects is currently under debate. This study took a novel approach to manipulating contingency awareness in a differential Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. Complex sine wave gratings were used as visual conditional stimuli (CS). By manipulating the fundamental spatial frequency of the displays, we were able to construct pairs of stimuli that varied in discriminability. One group of subjects was given an "easy" discrimination, and another was exposed to a "difficult" CS+ and CS-. A 3rd group was exposed to a stimulus that was paired with the unconditional stimulus (UCS) 50% of the time and served as a control. Skin conductance response (SCR) and continuous UCS expectancy data were measured concurrently throughout the experiment. Differential UCS expectancy was found only in the easy discrimination group. Differential SCRs were found in the easy discrimination group as well as in the difficult discrimination group, but not in the 50% contingency control. The difficult discrimination group did not exhibit differential UCS expectancy but did show clear differential SCR. These observations support a dual process interpretation of classical conditioning whereby conditioning on an implicit level can occur without explicit knowledge about the contingencies. The role of contingency awareness in classical conditioning experiments using human subjects is currently under debate. This study took a novel approach to manipulating contingency awareness in a differential Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. Complex sine wave gratings were used as visual conditional stimuli (CS). By manipulating the fundamental spatial frequency of the displays, we were able to construct pairs of stimuli that varied in discriminability. One group of subjects was given an "easy" discrimination, and another was exposed to a "difficult" CS+ and CS-. A 3rd group was exposed to a stimulus that was paired with the unconditional stimulus (UCS) 50% of the time and served as a control. Skin conductance response (SCR) and continuous UCS expectancy data were measured concurrently throughout the experiment. Differential UCS expectancy was found only in the easy discrimination group. Differential SCRs were found in the easy discrimination group as well as in the difficult discrimination group, but not in the 50% contingency control. The difficult discrimination group did not exhibit differential UCS expectancy but did show clear differential SCR. These observations support a dual process interpretation of classical conditioning whereby conditioning on an implicit level can occur without explicit knowledge about the contingencies. 相似文献
887.
Katharina Kircanski Douglas W. Woods Susanna W. Chang Emily J. Ricketts John C. Piacentini 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(6):777-788
Tic disorders are heterogeneous, with symptoms varying widely both within and across patients. Exploration of symptom clusters
may aid in the identification of symptom dimensions of empirical and treatment import. This article presents the results of
two studies investigating tic symptom clusters using a sample of 99 youth (M age = 10.7, 81% male, 77% Caucasian) diagnosed
with a primary tic disorder (Tourette’s disorder or chronic tic disorder), across two university-based outpatient clinics
specializing in tic and related disorders. In Study 1, a cluster analysis of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) identified
four symptom dimensions: predominantly complex tics; simple head/face tics; simple body tics; and simple vocal/facial tics.
In Study 2, these clusters were shown to be differentially associated with demographic and clinical characteristics. Findings
lend support to prior research on tic phenomenology, help to organize treatment goals, and suggest symptom dimensions of tic
disorders for further evaluation. 相似文献
888.
This article analyses the fallacy of wrenching from context, using the dialectical notions of commitment and implicature as
tools. The data, a set of key examples, is used to sharpen the conceptual borderlines around the related fallacies of straw
man, accent, misquotation, and neglect of qualifications. According to the analysis, the main characteristics of wrenching
from context are the manipulation of the meaning of the other’s statement through devices such as the use of misquotations,
selective quotations, and quoting out of context. The theoretical tools employed in the analysis are pragmatic theories of
meaning and a dialectical model of commitment, used to explain how and why a standpoint is distorted. The analysis is based
on a conception of fallacies as deceptive strategic moves in a game of dialogue. As a consequence, our focus is not only on
misquotations as distortions of meaning, but on how they are used as dialectical tools to attack an opponent or win a dispute.
Wrenching from context is described as a fallacy of unfairly attributing a commitment to another party that he never held.
Its power as a deceptive argumentation tactic is based on complex mechanisms of implicit commitments and on their misemployment
to improperly suggest an attribution of commitment. 相似文献
889.
890.
Fitts DA 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(4):918-929
The variable-criteria sequential stopping rule (SSR) is a method for conducting planned experiments in stages after the addition
of new subjects until the experiment is stopped because the p value is less than or equal to a lower criterion and the null hypothesis has been rejected, the p value is above an upper criterion, or a maximum sample size has been reached. Alpha is controlled at the expected level.
The table of stopping criteria has been validated for a t test or ANOVA with four groups. New simulations in this article demonstrate that the SSR can be used with unequal sample
sizes or heterogeneous variances in a t test. As with the usual t test, the use of a separate-variance term instead of a pooled-variance term prevents an inflation of alpha with heterogeneous
variances. Simulations validate the original table of criteria for up to 20 groups without a drift of alpha. When used with
a multigroup ANOVA, a planned contrast can be substituted for the global F as the focus for the stopping rule. The SSR is recommended when significance tests are appropriate and when the null hypothesis
can be tested in stages. Because of its efficiency, the SSR should be used instead of the usual approach to the t test or ANOVA when subjects are expensive, rare, or limited by ethical considerations such as pain or distress. 相似文献