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Previous research shows that interleaving rather than blocking practice of different skills (e.g. abcbcacab instead of aaabbbccc) usually improves subsequent test performance. Yet interleaving, but not blocking, ensures that practice of any particular skill is distributed, or spaced, because any two opportunities to practice the same task are not consecutive. Hence, because spaced practice typically improves test performance, the previously observed test benefits of interleaving may be due to spacing rather than interleaving per se. In the experiment reported herein, children practiced four kinds of mathematics problems in an order that was interleaved or blocked, and the degree of spacing was fixed. The interleaving of practice impaired practice session performance yet doubled scores on a test given one day later. An analysis of the errors suggested that interleaving boosted test scores by improving participants' ability to pair each problem with the appropriate procedure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Sociotropy-autonomy (Beck, 1983) describes a set of personality dimensions that relate to an individual's vulnerability to depression. Two recently developed scales, the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (Clark & Beck, 1991) and the Personal Style Inventory (Robinset al., 1994), have been developed in order to assess these personality dimensions. Typically, these measures are used in isolation and little published information is available concerning their interrelationship. The present study examined the relationship between the two scales and specified the various factors that emerge when the items of the two scales are integrated. Six hundred fifty-two participants responded to the Personal Style Inventory (Robinset al, 1994) and the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (Clark & Beck, 1991). A factor analysis on all of the items of the two scales revealed a five-factor structure (two sociotropy, two autonomy, and one achievement factor). The relationships among depression, the five derived factors, and the original scales developed by Clark and Beck (1991) and Robinset al. (1994) were critically examined. The results are discussed in the context of vulnerability to depression. 相似文献
165.
Graham Danzer Sarah M. Rieger Sarah Schubmehl Doug Cort 《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2016,25(4):351-370
This article reviews and synthesizes literature on the historical trauma of African Americans with an emphasis on how White psychologists can integrate awareness of historical trauma into clinical practice. Research supports that African Americans are affected by White racism in ways that parallel the effects of other interpersonal traumas. How African Americans are affected by racism depends on the individual, although the effects on the individual also occur within a shared cultural context. In addition to negative impacts, the literature also identifies African Americans’ core strengths and coping strategies that have a similarly historical basis. These strengths and coping strategies are discussed in their implications for White psychologists’ role in African Americans’ trauma recovery process. 相似文献
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167.
Neural control of behavior: countermanding eye movements 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Understanding the self-control of action entails knowledge about how actions are initiated, how planned actions are canceled
and how the consequences of actions are registered. We have investigated neural correlates of these processes using the countermanding
paradigm – a task that required subjects to occasionally cancel a planned speeded response, and an analysis that provides
an estimate of the time needed to cancel a planned movement. By monitoring the activity of single neurons in the frontal cortex
of macaque monkeys performing this task we have distinguished signals responding to the visual stimuli, other signals that
control the production of movements, and still other signals that seem to monitor behavior.
Received: 31 March 1999 / Accepted: 23 July 1999 相似文献
168.
Julia Golier Rachel Yehuda Barbara Cornblatt Philip Harvey Doug Gerber Robert Levengood 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1997,32(1):52-61
There is substantial evidence that PTSD patients have information processing abnormalities for stimuli that are highly relevant
to the traumas they have endured. The goal of the present study was to examine whether this extends to neutral stimuli as
well. Twenty-four male Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD were compared to fifteen normal male comparison subjects on their
performance on a sensitive measure of sustained attention, the Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs version (CPT-IP).
PTSD subjects did not differ from controls in their ability to discriminate target stimuli from background noise on the CPT.
Additionally they performed as well as controls, even in the presence of external distraction. Thus, this study did not find
a generalized deficit in attention associated with PTSD on the CPT-IP. Nevertheless, further clarification of the nature of
the information processing disturbance in PTSD is warranted. 相似文献
169.
Doug Savage 《Australian psychologist》1984,19(2):163-177
The aim of this paper is to present a practical model for investigating cognitive impairment which integrates the experimental-cogaitive-information processing-theory and the psychometric-intellectual-abilities-tradition in psychology to understanding cognitive functioning. It reviews developments in cognitive theory in terms of Processes, complex and simple, such as Intelligence and Information Processing, and Factors of attained Level and Learning ability in the Verbal and Performance modalities. The Savage Cognitive Impairment Model (SCIM) is outlined and types of cognitive impairment defined. Measures of cognitive impairment relevant to clinical practice and research are presented. 相似文献
170.