儿童策略的"利用缺陷"研究

“利用缺陷”是策略发展的一个关键阶段,该文从它的定义、存在证据、产生原因、发展过程等方面分析了策略“利用缺陷”的研究现状,并着重从记忆容量、知识基础、元记忆等发展性因素,智力、归因等个体性因素和训练条件等外部因素探讨了策略“利用缺陷”产生的原因,并对未来研究提出了展望。     

11岁和15岁儿童学习动机和数学素养的关系

选取2133名11岁和15岁学生,采用PISA测试为数学素养指标,探讨学生学习动机的不同维度与数学素养之间的关系。结果发现：（1）11岁学生的内部动机明显地强于15岁学生。（2）11岁学生内部动机中的挑战性动机与数学素养间的相关程度明显弱于15岁学生。（3）11岁高数学素养的学生组,数学素养和内、外学习动机有明显的相关,低数学素养学生组两者则不相关;对于15岁低数学素养的学生组,数学素养得分和内、外部学习动机有明显的相关,高数学素养学生组两者则不相关。     

Job Stressors,Organizational Innovation Climate,and Employees’ Innovative Behavior

This study attempted to examine the influence of job stressors and organizational innovation climate on employees’ innovative behavior. Data were obtained from 282 employees in 4 cities of China. Results indicated that the nature of stressors matters in predicting employees’ idea generation. Specifically, stressors that employees tend to appraise as challenges were positively related to idea generation, whereas stressors that employees tend to appraise as hindrances were negatively related to idea generation. In addition, hindrance stressors moderated the relationship between organizational innovation climate and innovative behavior. The beneficial effect of organizational innovation climate on innovative behavior became weaker for idea implementation and totally disappeared for idea generation when confronting with high hindrance stressors. Implications of this study are also discussed.     

自信社会认知的自我-同学目标比较分析

本研究对大学生自信社会认知进行计量和非计量的自我一同学目标比较.自信水平报告和自信社会比较的分析表明:自信水平报告自我目标低于同学目标;自信水平报告的自我一同学比较与自我一同学自信社会比较之间并不完全一致;积极的比较关系和不稳定的自信反身意识是大学生自信水平社会认知的特点.自信内容重要性的分析表明:被肯定的自信特征内容包括自我调节、自我完善及有所作为等,被否定的则包括外貌仪表、伴侣家庭、未知领域及对问题的思考等.同时,自我目标自信内容结构相比同学目标更为分化和均衡,同学目标结构是相对简约便利.整个研究表明,两类目标具有不同的自信社会认知模式.     

亲子关系、朋友关系影响问题行为的3种模型

家庭和同伴是影响个体发展的最重要的微系统, 是儿童青少年问题行为的重要影响因素,以往对上述问题的实证研究非常广泛, 但很零散。对前人研究的分析发现亲子关系、朋友关系影响问题行为有3种模型：独立模型、交互影响模型和间接效应模型, 然而这些模型及其有关研究仍存在诸多问题与不足, 如亲密关系测量指标不统一, 内外化问题行为研究不均衡, 评价主体单一化, 文化差异, 缺乏充分的追踪研究和实验设计等, 未来研究应对上述方面加以关注。     

当抗议遭遇挫折:集体行动失利情境下情绪反应对行动意愿的作用

在集体行动发展过程中,新的群际互动事件会对参与者心理及行为产生重要影响。本研究采取调查问卷与实验情境设计相结合的方法,考察了集体行动失利情境下参与者情绪体验对其未来行动意愿的影响,以及群体认同与群体效能对情绪的作用机制。研究结果显示:1)集体行动的消极结果会引发参与者愤怒与沮丧情绪体验,且愤怒情绪对其未来行动意愿有正向预测作用,沮丧情绪对其未来行动意愿有负向预测作用;2)群体认同与群体效能会影响群体成员因集体行动失利而产生的愤怒感与沮丧感,参与者对内群体的认同感越强,效能评估越高,在集体行动遭遇挫败时体验到的愤怒感就越强,体验到的沮丧感就越弱。本研究扩展了集体行动的情绪研究取向,并为探讨集体行动的动态演变提供了新的研究思路。     

发展性阅读障碍儿童的新词习得及其改善

本研究通过比较重复学习新词时个体眼动模式的变化, 探讨发展性阅读障碍儿童的新词习得及改善途径。实验1以发展性阅读障碍、生理年龄和阅读能力匹配儿童为被试, 采用重复学习新词的范式, 探讨发展性阅读障碍儿童的新词习得。结果发现, 与匹配组相比, 发展性阅读障碍儿童在新词的首次注视时间和凝视时间上需要更多的语境才出现显著下降, 且在总注视时间上表现出更缓慢的下降。表明发展性阅读障碍儿童的新词习得慢于正常儿童。实验2以词间空格和正常无空格两种文本呈现方式, 仍采用重复学习新词范式, 探讨词间空格是否能促进发展性阅读障碍儿童的新词习得。结果发现, 在词间空格条件下, 发展性阅读障碍儿童的新词习得可达到正常儿童的水平。表明作为视觉词切分线索的词间空格, 可促进发展性阅读障碍儿童的新词习得。本研究结果为发展性阅读障碍儿童新词习得提供了一条新的途径。     

Why and when does job satisfaction promote unethical pro‐organizational behaviours? Testing a moderated mediation model

This study examined the relationship between job satisfaction and unethical pro‐organizational behaviours (UPB) by testing a moderated mediation model that focused on how employees' belongingness mediates the relationship between job satisfaction and UPB and how corporate ethical values moderate this mediated relationship. Our investigation included 369 employees from different organizations in Southeast China. The regression analysis revealed that job satisfaction positively influences UPB through belongingness. In addition, a moderated regression analysis indicated that low corporate ethical values strengthen not only the effect of belongingness on UPB but also the indirect effect of job satisfaction on UPB. These findings deepen our understanding of UPB by showing that individuals with a high level of job satisfaction are more likely to engage in UPB through belongingness when corporate ethical values are low. Finally, the theoretical and managerial implications of these results are discussed.     

A Comparison of Multilevel Mediation Modeling Methods: Recommendations for Applied Researchers

Multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) has been proposed as a valuable tool for estimating mediation in multilevel data and has known advantages over traditional multilevel modeling, including conflated and unconflated techniques (CMM & UMM). Recent methodological research has focused on comparing the three methods for 2-1-1 designs, but in regards to 1-1-1 mediation designs, there are significant gaps in the published literature that prevent applied researchers from making educated decisions regarding which model to employ in their own specific research design. A Monte Carlo study was performed to compare MSEM, UMM, and CMM on relative bias, confidence interval coverage, Type I Error, and power in a 1-1-1 model with random slopes under varying data conditions. Recommendations for applied researchers are discussed and an empirical example provides context for the three methods.     

Gray Matter Atrophy in the Cortico-Striatal-Thalamic Network and Sensorimotor Network in Relapsing–Remitting and Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Neuropsychology Review - Gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be associated with disability and cognitive impairment, but previous studies have sometimes had discordant...