音乐与情绪诱发的机制模型

音乐与情绪关系的讨论正处于行为层面描述向认知及神经机制研究的初探阶段.线索一致性模型、音乐期待模型、协同化理论和多重机制模型分别从音乐线索、听者认知、音乐与听者互动关系及多重整合角度对音乐诱发情绪的过程做出了解释.当前分歧集中于三方面:(1)音乐诱发情绪是否必须以认知为中介;(2)诱发过程是一般领域还是特殊领域;(3)诱发情绪的机制是多元还是单一.文章提出确定概念同质、借助多指标测量和思考机制关系等解决思路,并阐明了此领域的研究趋势.     

Identification,Response, and Referral of Suicidal Youth Following Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training

Gatekeeper training is a public health approach to suicide prevention that encourages community members to identify those at risk for suicide, respond appropriately, and refer for clinical services. Despite widespread use, few studies have examined whether training results in behavior change in participants. This study employed a naturalistic pre–post design to follow 434 participants in Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training, finding small but significant increases in self‐reported identification of at‐risk youth, some helpful responses to youth, and numbers of youth referred to treatment from pre‐test to 6‐ to 9‐month follow‐up. Changes in active listening and helping behaviors meant to support treatment referrals (such as convincing a youth to seek treatment) were not observed over time. Additional analyses explored predictors of self‐reported skill utilization including identification as a “natural helper” and attitudes about suicide prevention.     

Discriminating preexperimental (semantic) from learned (episodic) associations: A speed-accuracy study

This research investigates the process by which people discriminate preexperimental (semantic) from experimental (episodic) associations. Subjects were instructed to recognize (reply old) only to experimentally studied materials. The questions are how is context information used to select relevant memories, and how successful is the exclusion of irrelevant information? The recognition accuracy and the retrieval speed (rate of approach to asymptotic accuracy) are jointly measured using a speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) paradigm, with collateral reaction time (RT) experiments. Experiment 1 presented both semantically related and unrelated pairs for study. In Experiment 3, semantically related pairs were never presented for study and preexperimentally related lures could be rejected by rule. Semantically related lures in both of these SAT experiments showed evidence for elevated false alarm rates early in retrieval, followed by late suppression of false alarms (at about 1 s). When related pairs were studied in the experiment, suppression was incomplete; when related pairs were never studied, rule-based supersuppression obtained. Results from collateral reaction time studies (Experiments 2 and 4) showed points that corresponded to the pattern of results in Experiments 1 and 3 near asymptote, although the RT data by themselves would have been interpreted quite differently. These results are compatible with a single-store, two-phase retrieval model in which context information, or recall-like information about correct pair mates, is used to correct spurious false alarms resulting from the incomplete filtering of semantic information.     

“Yes,I Have Sometimes Stolen Bikes”: Blindness for Norm‐Violating Behaviors and Implications for Suspect Interrogations

Across two experiments, we studied a phenomenon akin to choice blindness in the context of participants' accounts of their own history of norm‐violating behaviors. In Experiment 1, N = 67 participants filled in an 18‐item questionnaire about their history of norm‐violating behaviors (QHNVB). Subsequently, they were questioned about four of their answers, two of which had covertly been manipulated by the experimenter. Of the 134 manipulations, 20 (14.9%) remained undetected concurrently and 13 were accepted in retrospect (9.7%). In Experiment 2 (N = 37), we inserted a one‐week interval between questionnaire and interview. Twenty‐seven (36.5%) of the 74 manipulations remained undetected concurrently and three were accepted in retrospect (8.1%). Data obtained in a four‐week follow‐up indicated that our manipulations may have long‐term effects on participants' perception of their own history of norm‐violating behaviors. Implications for the occurrence of false confessions during the course of an interrogation are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

原发性醛固酮增多症的临床实践与分析

探讨原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛)临床特点及诊治方面的经验,以早期诊断、根治,改善预后。对确诊的原醛53例临床资料(临床特征、实验室检查、影像学检查、病理类型、治疗情况)进行回顾性研究。男女比为1：1.65,30～49岁年龄段最多。50.9%高血压首发,15.1%低钾血症首发,并发高心痛9.4%,尿毒症1.9%,脑卒中13.2%。肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮(RAA)系统激素检查,血浆醛固酮/血浆肾素活性比值(ARR)＞200者80.7%,ARR＞400者占半数,血浆醛固酮(PAC)＞140pg/ml者占84.6%。CT及MRI阳性率高。术后病理肾上腺皮质腺瘤占85%,结节性增生占15%(其中原发性肾上腺增生占12.5%)。手术后血压及血钾均较前改善,非手术者口服安体舒通有效。原醛是可治性内分泌性高血压之一,建议高血压和/或低血钾者应常规检查RAA系统激素,并争取行影像学检查,以使原醛得到早期诊治,改善预后。     

Cyborgs, uploading and immortality — Some serious concerns

Transhumanism and Extropianism are two recent ‘movements’ which aspire to transcend the perceived limitations of human biological evolution. This paper takes a critical look at two of the most controversial aspects of Extropianism—Uploading and Immortality. Uploading is the process by which a human will be able to transfer the entire contents of their brain to a more suitable supercomputational medium. When the newentity exist as software, immortality is virtually assured. This should be possible, it is claimed, within the next fifty years! From both a pragmatic and philosophical perspective, I argue that these claims are at best misguided and at worst absurd.     

Medically Documented Suicide Ideation Among U.S. Army Soldiers

We used administrative data to examine predictors of medically documented suicide ideation (SI) among Regular Army soldiers from 2006 through 2009 (N = 10,466 ideators, 124,959 control person‐months). Enlisted ideators (97.8% of all cases) were more likely than controls to be female, younger, older when entering service, less educated, never or previously deployed, and have a recent mental health diagnosis. Officer ideators were more likely than controls to be female, younger, younger when entering service, never married, and have a recent mental health diagnosis. Risk among enlisted soldiers peaked in the second month of service and declined steadily, whereas risk among officers remained relatively stable over time. Risk of SI is highest among enlisted soldiers early in Army service, females, and those with a recent mental health diagnosis.     

Sexual Self‐Concept Ambiguity and the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Risk

Mechanisms (i.e., thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, hopelessness) derived from the interpersonal theory of suicide which are hypothesized to account for the relation between sexual orientation self‐concept ambiguity and active suicide ideation were examined. Participants included 349 women, among whom 42% currently self‐ascribed a non‐exclusively heterosexual sexual identity. Among women reporting higher levels of sexual self‐concept ambiguity, greater risk for active suicide ideation is found when perceptions of burden and feelings of thwarted belonging co‐occur with feelings of hopelessness. Results support relevant theory useful for understanding suicide risk among sexual minority women who acknowledge ambiguity with regard to their sexual orientation.