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261.
This investigation examined self-related behavioral differences in terms of broad leadership styles using a methodology that minimized biases inherent in research designs previously employed to investigate this area. Subjects consisted of 40 males and 41 females who served in the role of leader, and who instructed both a male and a female subordinate in a card-sorting task. Experimental sessions were tape-recorded and transcribed, after which judges classified word phrases into various language categories. Factor analysis of the language categories yielded two factors of verbal behavior within a leadership situation: a socially oriented style and a task-oriented style. In contrast to generally accepted stereotypes, results indicated that within the present experimental context male leaders preferred to use phrases that indicated a more social style than female leaders. However, both male and female leaders used language that indicated a task-oriented approach to a significantly greater degree when instructing a female rather than a male subordinate. Implications and interpretations of the results are discussed. 相似文献
262.
Carol M. Werner Michael J. Strube Allen M. Cole Dorothy K. Kagehiro 《Journal of applied social psychology》1985,15(7):409-427
An archival analysis of records from 206 criminal cases was used to evaluate the impact of personal and situational factors on jury verdicts. In particular, we evaluated whether repeated jury service produced bias in jurors that was sufficient to affect jury decisions. A variety of case characteristics and indices of prior jury experience was examined for their relative impact on trial outcomes. Several of the case characteristics were related to verdicts, but the personal characteristics were not. Although more than half of the juries contained experienced jurors, juror experience had little influence on verdicts in either major or subsidiary analyses. However, there was a slight tendency for small juries with large proportions of experienced jurors to convict. This result is consistent with data from Kentucky; a meta-analysis across the two data sets indicates that it is a reliable finding. The results have implications for the determination of jury size. We suggest that future research examine the possibility that increasing jury size may reduce the influence of an individual's bias by providing a balance of other jurors with no or offsetting biases. 相似文献
263.
Dorothy Williams Kingery 《Sex roles》1985,12(5-6):627-636
This study used an untreated sample of husbands and wives to investigate the effect of a wife's employment status on her spouse's depression score. A consistency between attitudes toward appropriate sex-role behavior and actual situation was expected to enhance mental well-being. Data demonstrate that when a measure of sex-role attitudes was paired with situation, it was a significant indicator of depression scores for unemployed females. Housewives with liberal views toward sex roles felt more restricted and were more depressed than were traditional housewives. Sex-role orientation was not effective in explaining depression scores for working wives or for husbands in the sample. The findings emphasize the necessity for examining the impact of sex-role orientation on depression both by sex and by situation. 相似文献
264.
Michael L. Commons Eric A. Goodheart Linda M. Bresette Nancy F. Bauer Edwin W. Farrell Katherine G. McCarthy Dorothy L. Danaher Francis A. Richards Janet B. Ellis Anne M. O'Brien Joseph A. Rodriguez Dawn Schraeder 《Journal of Adult Development》1995,2(3):193-199
This reply discusses the measurement of formal, systematic, and metasystematic stages. Recent multidomain studies have shown disparate results and we suggest that these results could be attributed not to actual variations in adult development or the existence or non-existence of stage, but instead may reflect differences in methodology regarding task, domain, and scoring. Our study indicates that when tested in only one domain—balance beams and extensions of those tasks—participants who performed at the higher stage were also able to perform at the lower stages. These results also coincide with similar studies conducted. 相似文献
265.
Dorothy Jerrome 《Journal of Family Therapy》1994,16(3):241-258
Evidence of emotional distance between elderly parents and their adult children is taken from an anthropological study of ageing and family life. Two case studies drawn from a series of life history interviews illustrate the complex relationship between personal development, family relationships, culture and social structure. Unsatisfactory relationships are explained in terms of changing psychological needs through the life course, the cultural emphasis on independence and related values, the feminine tilt in family life, and the structure of in-law relationships. The complex interplay of these factors has implications for therapy with families experiencing estrangement. 相似文献
266.
267.
Inmates and correctional officers in a Lwnty jail made attributions of responsibility and predicted each other's attributions in response to four hypothetical stimulus incidents varying in severity of the inmate's intentional misbehavior and the severity of the officer's intentional retribution. When the misbehavior and retribution were moderate, subjects blamed both participants about equally. However, both over- and underreactions to the stimulus inmate's misbehavior elicited defensiveness, with both officers and inmates more likely to attribute responsibility to their opposite role character. In addition, both inmates and officers appeared to respond defensively to severe but equitable retributions. Subjects blamed each other, and, anticipating the other's defensiveness, expected to be blamed. Examination of the data suggested that subjects may have responded stereotypically rather than empathetically, and that defensiveness impeded rather than facilitated predictive accuracy. Results were consistent with previous research, increasing the generality of the “blame the other-expect to be blamed” effect. Additional analyses indicated that inmates were more likely than officers to notice mitigating circumstances when considering the inmates' responsibility. Three recommendations were made which may help to forestall inmate reactivity to retributions: (1) Jail personnel should have objective and clear definitions as to what constitutes major and minor infractions; (2) inmates should be aware of these criteria; and (3) jail personnel should be sensitive to mitigating circumstances and moderate their retribution or anticipate possible reactivity from inmates. 相似文献
268.
Despite the apparently lower prevalence of notified dysfunction in the country, when severe individual and family psychopathology does exist it often engenders considerable stigmatization and social isolation. The resulting creation of 'one-family ghettos' tends to heighten family dysfunction, producing a new set of specific and frequently more severe difficulties for the therapist. Some case histories are cited to illustrate these problems, and the authors discuss their treatment regime which is domiciliary, focused in the here-and-now, active and task-centred. 相似文献
269.
Two experiments were conducted to allow a test of Estes' verbal encodability hypothesis regarding female Digit-Symbol test superiority. Experiment 1 demonstrated significant differences in the relative encodability of various sets of symbols both in the time required to produce verbal associates and in quantitative measures of the uncertainty regarding what associate would be produced. Experiment 2 utilized these symbols to assess the stability of female superiority on a Symbol-Digit task across levels of verbal encodability. Predictions were that females should perform significantly better than males on tests with symbols that are easily encoded verbally, but there should be no significant sex difference when symbols are difficult to encode verbally. Significant effects for sex, task, and their interaction were found. However, the verbal encodability hypothesis is rejected for one favoring perceptual speed, due to the pattern of female superiority on the tests, and the nature of intrasex correlations. Results also show that traditional female supremacy on the Digit-Symbol carries over to the Symbol-Digit format when easily discriminable symbols are used. 相似文献
270.
Dorothy F. Einon M. J. Morgan 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1978,30(1):151-156
Rearing rats in isolation between 23 and 45 days caused a lasting increase in photocell-cage activity, even if the animals were subsequently rehoused in social groups until 125 days of age. In contrast to its effects upon activity, isolation had no effect upon spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze. This dissociation argues for caution in relating hyperactivity and reduced alternation to a unitary deficit in an inhibitory system. 相似文献