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Dorothy M. Fragaszy Amy T. Galloway Julie Johnson‐Pynn Karen Brakke 《Developmental science》2002,5(1):118-131
Is a concept of either reversibility or of hierarchical forms of combination necessary for skilled seriation? We examined this question by presenting seriating cups to adult capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees and to 11‐, 16‐ and 21‐month‐old children. Capuchins and chimpanzees consistently created seriated sets with five cups, and placed a sixth cup into a previously seriated set. Children of all three ages created seriated five‐cup sets less consistently than the capuchins and chimpanzees, and were rarely able to place a sixth cup into a seriated set. Twenty‐one‐month‐olds produced more structures containing three or more cups than did the younger age groups, and these children also achieved seriated sets more frequently. Within all participant groups, success at seriating five cups was associated with the frequency of combining three or more cups, regardless of form. The ability to integrate multiple elements in persistent combinatorial activity is sufficient for the emergence of seriation in young children, monkeys and apes. Reliance on particular methods of combination and a concept of reversibility are later refinements that can enhance skilled seriation. 相似文献
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Denise E Wilfley Tiffany L Tibbs Dorothy J Van Buren Kelle P Reach Mark S Walker Leonard H Epstein 《Health psychology》2007,26(5):521-532
CONTEXT: Evaluating the efficacy of pediatric weight loss treatments is critical. OBJECTIVE: This is the first meta-analysis of the efficacy of RCTs comparing pediatric lifestyle interventions to no-treatment or information/education-only controls. DATA SOURCES: Medline, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. STUDY SELECTION: Fourteen RCTs targetting change in weight status were eligible, yielding 19 effect sizes. DATA EXTRACTION: Standardized coding was used to extract information on design, participant characteristics, interventions, and results. DATA SYNTHESIS: For trials with no-treatment controls, the mean effect size was 0.75 (k = 9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52-0.98) at end of treatment and 0.60 (k = 4, CI = 0.27-0.94) at follow-up. For trials with information/education-only controls, the mean ES was 0.48 (k = 4, CI = 0.13-0.82) at end of treatment and 0.91 (k = 2, CI = 0.32-1.50) at follow-up. No moderator effects were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Lifestyle interventions for pediatric overweight are efficacious in the short term with some evidence for extended persistence. Future research is required to identify moderators and mediators and to determine the optimal length and intensity of treatment required to produce enduring changes in weight status. 相似文献
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The conversations of 100 mother-child (mean age4.5 years) dyads about the children's school experienceswere examined for their emotional content. Dyads variedalong the dimensions of gender of child (53 girls; 57 boys), ethnicity (31African-American, 39 Anglo-American, and 40Mexican-American), and SES (55 lower and 55 higher).When compared to mother-son dyads, mother-daughter dyadsmade more emotional references, particularly when discussing topicsrelated to interpersonal relationships and whendiscussing emotions experienced by the daughters.Higher-SES dyads made more emotional references than did lower-SES dyads. While there was no main effectof ethnicity associated with the overall tendency todiscuss emotions, relative to other dyads,African-American dyads made more emotional referenceswhen discussing noninterpersonal, nonacademic topicsthan did other dyads, Anglo-American dyads made moreemotional references during the discussing of learningtopics, and Mexican-American dyads discussed emotion more in relation to interpersonal topics thandid African-American dyads. 相似文献
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Evidence is given to indicate that Lawley's formulas for the standard errors of maximum likelihood loading estimates do not produce exact asymptotic results. A small modification is derived which appears to eliminate this difficulty.The authors are indebted to Walter Kristof and Thomas Stroud for their helpful reviews of an earlier version of this paper and particularly to D. N. Lawley for his review, comments, and encouragement. 相似文献
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Raymond G. Romanczyk Dorothy A. Tracey G.Terence Wilson Geoffrey L. Thorpe 《Behaviour research and therapy》1973,11(4):629-640
The relative efficacy of the major techniques typically used in behavioral treatment programs for weight reduction was investigated using obese adult volunteers. Study 1 compared the effects of self-monitoring, self-control procedures, monetary rewards, aversive imagery and relaxation training. These procedures resulted in significantly greater weight reduction than either a no treatment group or subjects who graphed and recorded daily weight. Self-monitoring of daily caloric intake was as effective as the other methods, both singly and combined, over a 4 week treatment period. Study 2 compared the long-term effects of self-monitoring vs the full complement of behavioral techniques used in Study 1. The full behavior management program was significantly more effective, both during the treatment period and at 3 and 12 week follow-ups, although self-monitoring again produced substantial weight loss. 相似文献
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