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141.
Pseudohomophones play an important role in visual word recognition research, but they are not often themselves the object of experimental inquiry. In Experiment 1, we explored whether the status of body rime relations in pseudohomophones-whether their body rime relations exist in actual words-predicts the likelihood of word pronunciations to pseudohomophone spellings. In Experiment 2, we tested whether extant body rime relations modulate performance to pseudohomophones, and their context effect on word trials, in a lexical decision task. Extant body rime relations increase the likelihood that a pseudohomophone will be given a word pronunciation, and they produce slower and more error prone performance to pseudohomophones and words in lexical decision. 相似文献
142.
The emergent coordination of cognitive function 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kello CT Beltz BC Holden JG Van Orden GC 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2007,136(4):551-568
1/f scaling has been observed throughout human physiology and behavior, but its origins and meaning remain a matter of debate. Some argue that it is a byproduct of ongoing processes in the brain or body and therefore of limited relevance to psychological theory. Others argue that 1/f scaling reflects a fundamental aspect of all physiological and cognitive functions, namely, that they emerge in the balance of independent versus interdependent component activities. In 4 experiments, series of key-press responses were used to test between these 2 alternative explanations. The critical design feature was to take 2 measures of each key-press response: reaction time and key-contact duration. These measures resulted in 2 parallel series of intrinsic fluctuations for each series of key-press responses. Intrinsic fluctuations exhibited 1/f scaling in both reaction times and key-contact durations, yet the 2 measures were uncorrelated with each other and separately perturbable. These and other findings indicate that 1/f scaling is too pervasive to be idiosyncratic and of limited relevance. It is instead argued that 1/f scaling reflects the coordinative, metastable basis of cognitive function. 相似文献
143.
Guy H. Montgomery Daniel David Terry A. DiLorenzo Julie B. Schnur 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2007,25(1):17-34
Individual differences in cognitive factors such as response expectancies and irrational beliefs (IBs) have been shown to
contribute to variability in distress associated with stressful situations. However, their independent influence on distress
when examined within the same study has not been established, nor has the potential of mediational relationships. The purpose
of this study was to investigate the contribution of response expectancies and IBs (both general and exam-specific) to exam-related
distress in a prospective study. Results revealed that both response expectancies and general IBs separately predicted exam-related
distress (p’s<.05; N=105). Observed effects of general IBs were perfectly mediated by, and observed effects of exam-specific IBs were partially
mediated by, response expectancies using the Baron and Kenny approach. These data support the view that cognitive factors
contribute to psychological distress and are consistent with response expectancy and rational emotive behavior theories. The
results suggest that interventions focused on response expectancies and IBs might be an effective means to reduce psychological
distress associated with real life stressors such as exams. Future research is needed to determine whether this effect generalizes
to other stressful situations.
Dr. Montgomery is Director of the Integrative Behavioral Medicine Program at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Dr. David
is an associate professor at Babes-Bolyai University, in Romania. Dr. DiLorenzo is an assistant professor in the Psychology
Department of Stern College. Dr. Schnur is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Oncological Sciences at Mount Sinai
School of Medicine.
This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute (CA81137) and the American Cancer Society (PF-05-098-01-CPPB). 相似文献
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Two studies examined a novel prediction of the causal Bayes net approach to judgments under uncertainty, namely that causal knowledge affects the interpretation of statistical evidence obtained over multiple observations. Participants estimated the conditional probability of an uncertain event (breast cancer) given information about the base rate, hit rate (probability of a positive mammogram given cancer) and false positive rate (probability of a positive mammogram in the absence of cancer). Conditional probability estimates were made after observing one or two positive mammograms. Participants exhibited a causal stability effect: there was a smaller increase in estimates of the probability of cancer over multiple positive mammograms when a causal explanation of false positives was provided. This was the case when the judgments were made by different participants (Experiment 1) or by the same participants (Experiment 2). These results show that identical patterns of observed events can lead to different estimates of event probability depending on beliefs about the generative causes of the observations. 相似文献
147.
Adinda Dujardin Guy Bosmans Caroline Braet Lien Goossens 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2014,55(4):296-302
Understanding the cognitive processing of attachment‐relevant information has become a major focus of attachment research. Previous research demonstrated links between attachment and memory for attachment‐related information, but results were contradictory and did not control for mood‐effects. The current study aimed to provide a conceptual framework to capture inconsistencies. A straightforward memory bias hypothesis was derived and tested. Fifty children (aged 10–12) completed questionnaires assessing confidence in maternal support and depressive symptoms, and a memory task in which they recalled positive and negative words that referred to previous interactions with mother. Less confidence in maternal support and more depressive symptoms were linked to a more negative mother‐related memory bias. The effect of confidence in maternal support remained marginally significant when controlling for depressive symptoms, explaining the initial effect of depressive symptoms. These findings support attachment theory's hypothesis that attachment‐relevant information is processed in an attachment expectation‐congruent way. 相似文献
148.
Frank F. Eves Susannah K. S. Thorpe Amanda Lewis Guy A. H. Taylor-Covill 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2014,21(3):637-644
Perception of hill slant is exaggerated in explicit awareness. Proffitt (Perspectives on Psychological Science 1:110–122, 2006) argued that explicit perception of the slant of a climb allows individuals to plan locomotion in keeping with their available locomotor resources, yet no behavioral evidence supports this contention. Pedestrians in a built environment can often avoid climbing stairs, the man-made equivalent of steep hills, by choosing an adjacent escalator. Stair climbing is avoided more by women, the old, and the overweight than by their comparators. Two studies tested perceived steepness of the stairs as a cue that promotes this avoidance. In the first study, participants estimated the steepness of a staircase in a train station (n = 269). Sex, age, height, and weight were recorded. Women, older individuals, and those who were heavier and shorter reported the staircase as steeper than did their comparison groups. In a follow-up study in a shopping mall, pedestrians were recruited from those who chose the stairs and those who avoided them, with the samples stratified for sex, age, and weight status. Participants (n = 229) estimated the steepness of a life-sized image of the stairs they had just encountered, presented on the wall of a vacant shop in the mall. Pedestrians who avoided stair climbing by choosing the escalator reported the stairs as steeper even when demographic differences were controlled. Perceived steepness may to be a contextual cue that pedestrians use to avoid stair climbing when an alternative is available. 相似文献
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