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Combinators and structurally free logic 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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Nicole R Dorey Jesús Rosales‐Ruiz Richard Smith Bryan Lovelace Henry Roane 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):785-794
Self‐injurious behavior (SIB), such as self‐biting and head banging, has been reported to occur in approximately 10% of captive, individually housed nonhuman primates. Accounts of the etiology of SIB in primates range from ecological to physiological. However, to date, no research has examined the possible influence of social consequences delivered by handlers and keepers in the maintenance of SIB in this population. The current study investigated the effects of social contact as a potentially reinforcing consequence for the SIB displayed by an olive baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis). Results indicated that the behavior was maintained by attention from humans. As treatment, reinforcement was arranged for an appropriate alternative response, resulting in increases in the appropriate alternative behavior and decreases in SIB. 相似文献
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Hall NJ Udell MA Dorey NR Walsh AL Wynne CD 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2011,125(3):341-346
Spontaneous point-following behavior has been considered an indicator of advanced social cognition unique to humans. Recently, it has been suggested that a close evolutionary relationship with humans could result in similar social skills in domesticated species. An alternative view is that the mechanism is not genetic domestication alone but instead a combination of phylogenetic and ontogenetic variables. Here we test the necessity of phylogenetic domestication by investigating the point-following behavior of a captive population of nondomesticated megachiropteran bats (Pteropus pumilus, Pteropus rodricensis, Pteropus conspicillatus, Pteropus vampyrus). Three of five subjects were highly successful in following an unfamiliar human's point to a target location, providing the first empirical evidence of cross-species social referencing in bats. The three successful bats were all born in captivity and socialized to humans early in life, whereas unsuccessful bats were wild-born individuals. This study provides evidence that referential point following is not restricted to domesticated animals and indicates that early experience may be important. Megachiropteran bats may prove to be a useful model for studying social behaviors. 相似文献
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Two extensions of the structurally free logic LC 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Rishona L. Mackoff Ellen F. Iverson Preston Kiekel Frederick Dorey Jeffrey S. Upperman Aida B. Metzenberg 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(4):402-416
Genetic susceptibility research and testing is leading to an era of personalized medicine. Genetic counselors act as liaisons
between the medical genetics community and the public. Understanding the opinions of genetic counselors will be important
in developing testing guidelines. Attitudes towards genetic susceptibility testing in children were assessed for 216 NSGC
members. Genetic counselors were likely to support testing if the results would determine: disease progression or prognosis,
likelihood of survival after a specific treatment, or risk for an adverse drug reaction. Genetic counselors were unlikely
to support testing to determine susceptibility to later disease development or in the absence of available intervention. There
was a strong positive correlation between attitudes associated with desire to test their own child, if at risk and their support
for genetic testing in any child at risk. Respondents strongly favored parent/guardian and child’s rights over doctor or insurance
rights. They indicated assent should be obtained prior to testing, when appropriate, and that a copy of results should be
kept in a permanent medical record. Respondents expressed concerns about insurance discrimination, testing in the absence
of medical necessity, and taking away a child’s autonomy. 相似文献
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Barend JM Steyn Margaretha H Steyn David JF Maree Clorinda Panebianco-Warrens 《Journal of Psychology in Africa》2016,26(2):167-171
This study explored the efficacy of psychological skills and mindfulness training intervention on the psychological wellbeing of undergraduate music students. Participants were undergraduate music students (n = 36) from the Department of Music at a South African university, 21 of whom were elected to take the psychological skills and mindfulness training intervention. Data on their self-reported psychological wellbeing, psychological skills, mindfulness and performance anxiety levels were collected pre-and post-intervention. The analysis applied non-parametric procedures to determine changes in students’ psychological wellbeing after the seven-week intervention programme. Findings suggest improvements in psychological wellbeing, psychological skills, mindfulness and performance anxiety with training. Psychological skills and mindfulness training may have benefits to the psychological wellbeing of music students. 相似文献
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Lindsay R. Mehrkam Brandon C. Perez Victoria N. Self Timothy R. Vollmer Nicole R. Dorey 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(4):2139-2150
The present study extended functional analysis (FA) methodology to human-directed resource guarding in a dog in an in-home setting. The subject underwent four conditions including control, attention, escape, and tangible, arranged in a modified FA. The results indicated multiply controlled resource guarding (i.e., escape, attention, and tangible functions). The experimenter then conducted a treatment evaluation involving three function-based treatments in a concurrent multiple baseline design. Resource guarding decreased to zero levels in treatments for each maintaining contingency. Treatment effects were maintained when the subject was tested with an owner, with an untrained handler, a highly preferred treat, in an untrained setting, as well as after 2 weeks in the absence of training. Behavior analytic techniques may hold promise for lasting behavior change for resource guarding in domestic dogs, and should be examined in other populations and with other canine problem behavior. 相似文献
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P Meerlo GJ Overkamp S Daan Van Den Hoofdakker RH JM Koolhaas 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1996,1(1):21-32
In a series of experiments, the consequences of a single and double social conflict on various behaviours and body weight in rats were studied. Animals were subjected to social defeat by placing them into the territory of an aggressive male conspecific for one hour, either once, or twice at the same time on two consecutive days. To assess the consequences of social defeat, three experiments were performed with independent groups of rats. In the first experiment, an open field test was performed two days after the last conflict. Locomotor activity was strongly reduced after social defeat. There were no differences between the single and double defeat group. To assess the effects of social defeat on subsequent social behaviour, a second experiment was performed in which experimental animals were confronted with an unfamiliar non-aggressive rat two days after a single or double conflict. Social defeat resulted in a reduction of social contact with the unfamiliar conspecific. There was no difference between the single and double conflict group. In the third experiment, the effects of social conflict on food intake, body weight and saccharine preference were measured. Food intake was not affected after a single conflict, but in the double conflict group food intake was decreased for several days. Body weight gain was decreased after both single and double social defeat. The decrease was stronger in the double conflict group. Water intake and saccharine preference were not significantly affected. This study revealed that social defeat in rats causes pronounced changes in various behaviours and body weight. Different aspects of behaviour are differentially affected by defeat with respect to the magnitude and time course of the changes induced. Moreover, different behavioural parameters are differentially sensitive to repetition of the stressor. 相似文献