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51.
The persistence of attention to emotion: brain potentials during and after picture presentation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Emotional stimuli have been shown to elicit increased perceptual processing and attentional allocation. The late positive potential (LPP) is a sustained P300-like component of the event-related potential that is enhanced after the presentation of pleasant and unpleasant pictures as compared with neutral pictures. In this study, the LPP was measured using dense array electroencephalograph both before and after pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant images to examine the time course of attentional allocation toward emotional stimuli. Results from 17 participants confirmed that the LPP was larger after emotional than neutral images and that this effect persisted for 800 ms after pleasant picture offset and at least 1,000 ms after unpleasant picture offset. The persistence of increased attention after unpleasant compared to pleasant stimuli is consistent with the existence of a negativity bias. Overall, these results indicate that attentional capture of emotion continues well beyond picture presentation and that this can be measured with the LPP. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
52.
53.
Barbara Koslowski Doreen Spilton Ann Snipper 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》1981,2(3):189-210
Two main questions were asked regarding young children's beliefs about causal mediation: What sorts of beliefs about causal mediation are reflected by children's incomplete explanations of causal situations? In particular, do children hold a false belief in action at a distance or do they realize that something must mediate between cause and effect? When presented with a non-visible connection between cause and effect (Experiment I), the children's incomplete (Piagetion Stage 1) explanations either reflected the correct expectation of a mediating connection or else merely reflected identification of the causal agent and no concern one way or another with the issue of causal mediation. This was also the case when the mediating connection was visible and present at the outset (Experiment II). In neither experiment (both of which involved mechanical causation) was there evidence of a false belief in action at a distance. A third experiment involved instances of electrical causation in order to maximize the chances of tapping a false belief. The rationale was that, in their everyday lives, although children do have first-hand experience with the mediating connection in instances of mechanical causation, they do not have such experience with instances of electrical causation. The results from the third experiment were analogous to the results in the other two. It was concluded that, with respect to instances of physical causality, young children do not hold a false belief (in action at a distance) that is later relinquished. Rather, their concerns are, at first, restricted to identifying the causal agent and do not include any beliefs, true or false, about the issue of causal mediation. When they eventually do deal with the question of causal mediation, children hold approximately correct beliefs. In terms of school situations, these findings suggest a shift from providing the child with disconfirming data that will aid him in relinquishing his false beliefs to providing him, instead, with additional data that will supplement his existing, approximately correct beliefs. 相似文献
54.
Doreen Salina Leonard A. Jason Donald Hedeker Joy Kaufman Linda Lesondak Susan D. McMahon Stephanie Taylor Peter Kimball 《American journal of community psychology》1994,22(2):257-271
Described an examination of data collected 2 years following the onset of a media-based, worksite smoking cessation intervention.
Thirty-eight companies in Chicago were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions. In the inital 3-week phase,
all participants in both conditions received self-help manuals and were instructed to watch a 20-day televised series designed
to accompany the manual. In addition, participants in the group (G) condition received six sessions emphasizing quitting techniques
and social support. In the second phase, which continued for 12 months, employees in G participated in monthly peer-led support
groups and received incentives, while participants in the nongroup (NG) condition received no further treatment. Twenty-four
months after pretest, 30% of employees in G were abstinent compared to only 19.5% in NG. This study is one of the few experimentally
controlled worksite smoking cessation interventions to demonstrate significant program differences 2 years following the initial
intervention.
Our thanks to Lori Klett and Libby Yeager-Turner for their help in data collection. Work on the project was supported in part
by National Institute on Drug Abuse grant DA-04406-01 and a grant from the Chicago Lung Association to the second author. 相似文献
55.
Reducing the Risk for Preschool Expulsion: Mental Health Consultation for Young Children with Challenging Behaviors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Deborah F. Perry M. Clare Dunne LaTanya McFadden Doreen Campbell 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(1):44-54
Increasing numbers of young children are being expelled from child care settings because of their problem behavior. Access
to mental health consultation is related to lower rates of expulsion, but additional data are needed to document the pathways
through which mental health consultation reduces the risk of expulsion. We report on outcomes from a 4-year project designed
to reduce the number of children expelled for problem behavior in a large suburban county in Maryland. Two master’s-level
professionals provided behavioral consultation to child care providers who identified nearly 200 children at imminent risk
for expulsion. Child care providers rated children’s social skills and problem behaviors at referral and discharge using the
Preschool Kindergarten Behavior Scales and the Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment. Statistically significant
increases in social skills and reductions in problem behaviors were seen for children who received individualized consultation.
More than three-quarters of the children who were at risk for expulsion were able to be maintained in their current child
care placement; of those that changed placements, only half (n = 13) were removed involuntarily. These findings provide additional support for mental health consultation as a promising
strategy to reduce the risk for expulsion for young children with problem behaviors. 相似文献
56.
We present a behavior observation study of interpersonal behavior in 96 female subjects, who had been screened for the presence of dependent, avoidant, narcissistic and histrionic personality disorder features. Each subject took part in three short role-plays, taken from assertiveness training. Afterwards, both the subject and her role-play partner judged, how assertive the subject had been. Although observation time was very short, dependent and avoidant subjects could be easily identified from their overly submissive behavior in the role-plays. Histrionic and narcissistic subjects did not show distinctive interpersonal behavior. Contrary to a common belief, higher scores on some personality disorder (PD) scales were positively related to cross-situational variability of behavior. Results are discussed with regard to their implications for clinical diagnostics, therapy and the methodology of personality disorder research in general. 相似文献
57.
Robert G. Harper Ranjit C. Chacko Doreen Kotik-Harper James Young Jennifer Gotto 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》1998,5(2):187-198
The utility of the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory (MBHI) in screening for the formal diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder was investigated in a sample of 90 heart transplant candidates, a population at risk for psychiatric disturbance. Psychiatric disorders were identified in 71% of patients, the majority being adjustment disorder. Sensitivity and specificity rates of >70% were determined in discriminant function analyses, for presence or absence of a psychiatric condition. When Axis I conditions were differentiated as mild (adjustment reaction only) or severe (all other Axis I conditions, including comorbid Axis II disorders), the MBHI correctly identified every severe case as a probable psychiatric diagnosis. The rate of clinically significant elevations on certain MBHI scales and severity of Axis I psychiatric condition was also significantly associated. These findings suggest that the MBHI may have potential utility in identifying high-risk patients with diagnosable psychiatric conditions and help justify mental health consultation referrals at a time when managed care entities are vigorously rationing ancillary services with medically ill populations. 相似文献
58.
Doreen Kimura 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1964,16(4):355-358
Normal subjects were given two auditory tests, one consisting of spoken digits presented dichotically, the other of melodies presented dichotically. On the Digits test, the score for the right ear was higher than for the left (as previously established), and on the Melodies test the score for the left ear was higher than for the right. These findings were related to the different roles of the right and left hemispheres of the brain in verbal and nonverbal perception. 相似文献
59.
Doreen A. Rosenthal Richard Bell Andreas Demetriou Anastasia Efklides 《International journal of psychology》1989,24(1-5):57-71
The present study examined whether Greek immigrants in Australia have retained traditional Greek values and behaviours or moved to an integration of these with Anglo-Australian values and behaviours. The sample consisted of Anglo- and Greek-Australian parents and young adolescents and a comparison group of Greeks, resident in Greece. Measures were obtained of values and behaviours considered to be appropriate for family members in the culture. Results showed that Greek-Australians retained the collectivistic values of their Greek culture while Anglo-Australians demonstrated a more individualistic orientation. There was evidence for convergence of Anglo- and Greek-Australian perceptions of appropriate behaviours and thus support for a view that acculturation is more likely to be manifested in behaviours than in core values. Although there were some differences in expressed values and behaviours, overall there was little evidence for a cultural gap between Greek-Australian parents and their adolescents. 相似文献
60.