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21.
Andrew S. Walters Daniel F. Enriquez Dora Rodriguez Sanchez Annabelle L. Nelson 《Sexuality & culture》2018,22(3):796-816
As part of a larger HIV/STI/Substance Abuse Prevention intervention targeted to middle school students, we offered students’ parents an opportunity to participate in an adult education class. The same curricular materials were used for students enrolled in the intervention and for their parents. In the current study, mothers who had completed the adult education class participated in a focus group. The focus group explored what components of the intervention were perceived by mothers as particularly useful to them or to their child. Three core themes emerged from interpretive analyses of the focus group: (1) positive relationships with intervention staff and school personnel enticed students to participate in the intervention and facilitated parents’ involvement; (2) both students and parents felt respected and empowered by the intervention’s cornerstone values and curricular philosophy of cultural richness and pride in Hispanic/Latino heritage; and (3) mothers perceived their mastery of the course content—materially wholly dedicated to the health and wellness of their children—benefitted them in terms of both understanding the material and potentially allowing mothers to discuss health-oriented behavior with their young adolescent child. 相似文献
22.
Udo Boehm Maarten Marsman Dora Matzke Eric-Jan Wagenmakers 《Behavior research methods》2018,50(4):1614-1631
Psychological experiments often yield data that are hierarchically structured. A number of popular shortcut strategies in cognitive modeling do not properly accommodate this structure and can result in biased conclusions. To gauge the severity of these biases, we conducted a simulation study for a two-group experiment. We first considered a modeling strategy that ignores the hierarchical data structure. In line with theoretical results, our simulations showed that Bayesian and frequentist methods that rely on this strategy are biased towards the null hypothesis. Secondly, we considered a modeling strategy that takes a two-step approach by first obtaining participant-level estimates from a hierarchical cognitive model and subsequently using these estimates in a follow-up statistical test. Methods that rely on this strategy are biased towards the alternative hypothesis. Only hierarchical models of the multilevel data lead to correct conclusions. Our results are particularly relevant for the use of hierarchical Bayesian parameter estimates in cognitive modeling. 相似文献
23.
Mara Morelli Dora Bianchi Antonio Chirumbolo Roberto Baiocco 《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2018,15(4):464-471
Cyber dating abuse is a new kind of dating violence. Several recent measures assess this phenomenon, but do not focus on a severe aggression that aims to spoil a partner’s relational network (relational cyber abuse). This study developed and validated the Cyber Dating Violence Inventory (CDVI) with 1405 adolescents and young adults (Mage = 18.17; SDage = 2.39; 65.1% females), an instrument that considers the relational dimension of online dating abuse. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses found two correlated factors (Psychological and Relational) for both perpetration and victimization, showing good reliability. CDVI factors were positively correlated with offline dating violence, showing good criterion validity. This instrument has clinical and educational implications. 相似文献
24.
Dora Matzke Matthew Hughes Johanna C. Badcock Patricia Michie Andrew Heathcote 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(4):1078-1086
We used Bayesian cognitive modelling to identify the underlying causes of apparent inhibitory deficits in the stop-signal paradigm. The analysis was applied to stop-signal data reported by Badcock et al. (Psychological Medicine 32: 87-297, 2002) and Hughes et al. (Biological Psychology 89: 220-231, 2012), where schizophrenia patients and control participants made rapid choice responses, but on some trials were signalled to stop their ongoing response. Previous research has assumed an inhibitory deficit in schizophrenia, because estimates of the mean time taken to react to the stop signal are longer in patients than controls. We showed that these longer estimates are partly due to failing to react to the stop signal (“trigger failures”) and partly due to a slower initiation of inhibition, implicating a failure of attention rather than a deficit in the inhibitory process itself. Correlations between the probability of trigger failures and event-related potentials reported by Hughes et al. are interpreted as supporting the attentional account of inhibitory deficits. Our results, and those of Matzke et al. (2016), who report that controls also display a substantial although lower trigger-failure rate, indicate that attentional factors need to be taken into account when interpreting results from the stop-signal paradigm. 相似文献
25.
Christopher?L.?AbersonEmail author Jessica?Dora 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2003,22(2):164-174
The current study examines the role of contact on reactions to gay and heterosexual targets by U.S. heterosexual college students.
Aversive bias research finds that minority group members receive unfavorable evaluations only when non-category-based information
justifies bias. We argue that under other conditions, namely absence of conditions justifying bias, minority group members
receive more favorable evaluations than non-minorities, an effect we term overcorrection. We apply this research to the study
of attitudes toward gay men. The current study examines this effect on evaluations of a highly qualified male job candidate
who is either gay or heterosexual and flawed or not flawed. We predicted and found, among 180 college students, that the overcorrection
effect was present only for those individuals who have experienced no friendships with gay men. Those individuals who do have
gay male friends did not exhibit overcorrection. We interpret this result as an indication that individuals who have gay friends
(contact) ignore category information such as gay/ heterosexual and are more likely to exhibit truly egalitarian ratings.
Implications for aversive bias and outgroup covariation perspectives are discussed.
We presented portions of this paper at the 2000 Western Psychological Association conference, Maui, HI. 相似文献
26.
Schmitt DP Alcalay L Allik J Ault L Austers I Bennett KL Bianchi G Boholst F Cunen MA Braeckman J Brainerd EG Caral LG Caron G Casullo MM Cunningham M Daibo I De Backer C De Souza E Diaz-Loving R Diniz G Durkin K Echegaray M Eremsoy E Euler HA Falzon R Fisher ML Foley D Fry DP Fry S Ghayur MA Golden DL Grammer K Grimaldi L Halberstadt J Herrera D Hertel J Hoffmann H Hooper D Hradilekova Z Hudek-Kene-evi J Jaafer J Jankauskaite M Kabangu-Stahel H Kardum I Khoury B Kwon H Laidra K Laireiter AR 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2003,85(1):85-104
Evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that men and women possess both long-term and short-term mating strategies, with men's short-term strategy differentially rooted in the desire for sexual variety. In this article, findings from a cross-cultural survey of 16,288 people across 10 major world regions (including North America, South America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia) demonstrate that sex differences in the desire for sexual variety are culturally universal throughout these world regions. Sex differences were evident regardless of whether mean, median, distributional, or categorical indexes of sexual differentiation were evaluated. Sex differences were evident regardless of the measures used to evaluate them. Among contemporary theories of human mating, pluralistic approaches that hypothesize sex differences in the evolved design of short-term mating provide the most compelling account of these robust empirical findings. 相似文献
27.
This study examined the extent to which structural regularities inherent in visual arrays help to guide target detection and reduce age-related differences in skilled visual search performance. The target-detection performance of medical laboratory technologists in 2 age groups (M = 24.3 years and M = 49.0 years) and age-matched novices was assessed using images of bacterial morphology taken from Gram's stain photomicrographs as targets and search arrays. For skilled observers, response times were longer for middle-aged adults than for young adults except when external location cues were available, or when contextual cues inherent in the array were available to guide target detection. These results demonstrate that contextual information aids the skilled search of middle-aged experts, and suggest that contextual cuing is 1 means by which middle-aged adults can circumvent the effects of normally age-deficient processes on performance in a skilled domain. 相似文献
28.
Use of numerical symbols by the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): Cardinals, ordinals, and the introduction of zero 总被引:8,自引:8,他引:0
An adult female chimpanzee with previous training in the use of Arabic numerals 1–9 was introduced to the meaning of "zero"
in the context of three different numerical tasks. The first two were cardinal tasks where the subject was required either
to select numerals corresponding to the number of items presented on a computer screen (productive use of numerals) or to
match sets of the appropriate size to numerals presented as samples (receptive use). The third task addressed the ordinal
meaning of the same symbols where the subject was required to respond to numerals sequentially, arranging them into an ascending
series. The subject mastered the recognition of the meaning of zero in all three tasks. However, details of her usage of the
symbol revealed that transfer of the meaning between different kinds of tasks was incomplete, suggesting that the level of
abstraction characteristic of human numerical ability was not attained in the chimpanzee. Over the course of acquisition leading
to the high levels of accuracy eventually observed, the newly introduced zero appeared to shift along the length of a continuous
numerical scale toward the lower end, while confusions with 1 remained the most frequently encountered mistakes. Such patterns
of error thus suggest that Ai's understanding of the meaning of zero in relation to the rest of the number symbols was not
consistent with an "absence of items versus presence of items" scheme.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
29.
We investigated the relationship between the acquisition of singular-plural morpho-syntax and children's representation of the distinction between singular and plural sets. Experiment 1 tested 18-month-olds using the manual-search paradigm and found that, like 14-month-olds (Feigenson & Carey, 2005), they distinguished three objects from one but not four objects from one. Thus, they failed to represent four objects as 'plural' or 'more than one'. Experiment 2 found that children continued to fail at the 1 vs. 4 manual-search task at 20 months of age, even when told, via explicit morpho-syntactic singular-plural cues, that one or many balls are being hidden. However, 22- and 24-month-olds succeeded both with and without verbal cues. Parental report data indicated that most 22- and 24-month-olds, but few 20-month-olds, had begun producing plural nouns in their speech. Also, the success among the older children was due to those children who had reportedly begun producing plural nouns. We discuss a possible role for language acquisition in children's deployment of set-based quantification and the distinction between singular and plural sets. 相似文献
30.
Elena Trifiletti Gian Antonio Di Bernardo Rossella Falvo Dora Capozza 《Journal of applied social psychology》2014,44(12):768-777
In this article, dehumanization of patients was studied as a strategy used by nurses to cope with stress. Affective organizational commitment (AOC) and affective commitment to patients (ACP) were tested as moderators. We also explored how nurses' humanity attributions to their in‐group relate to stress symptoms. Participants were nurses working in different wards of an Italian urban hospital. Findings showed that perceiving patients as not fully human was related to lower levels of stress symptoms for nurses with high AOC and ACP, but not for nurses with low AOC and ACP. Moreover, for highly committed nurses, the attribution of uniquely human traits to the in‐group was associated with increased stress symptoms. Implications of findings for the relationship between nurses and patients are discussed. 相似文献