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951.
Richard E. Heyman Cary S. Kogan Heather M. Foran Samantha C. Burns Amy M. Smith Slep Alexandra K. Wojda Jared W. Keeley Tahilia J. Rebello Geoffrey M. Reed 《International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology》2018,18(2):113-123
Background/Objective: Intimate partner relationship problems and intimate partner abuse and neglect — referred to in this paper as “relational problems and maltreatment” — have substantial and well-documented impact on both physical and mental health. However, classification guidelines, such as those found in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), are vague and unlikely to support consistent application. Revised guidelines proposed for ICD-11 are much more operationalized. We used standardized clinical vignette conditions with an international panel of clinicians to test if ICD-11 changes resulted in improved classification accuracy. Method: English-speaking mental health professionals (N = 738) from 65 nations applied ICD-10 or ICD-11 (proposed) guidelines with experimentally manipulated case presentations of presence or absence of (a) individual mental health diagnoses and (b) relational problems or maltreatment. Results: ICD-11, compared with ICD-10, guidelines resulted in significantly better classification accuracy, although only in the presence of co-morbid mental health problems. Clinician factors (e. g., gender, language, world region) largely did not impact classification performance. Conclusions: Despite being considerably more explicated, raters’ performance with ICD-11 guidelines reveals training issues that should be addressed prior to the release of ICD-11 in 2018 (e. g., overriding the guidelines with pre-existing archetypes for relationship problems and physical and psychological abuse). 相似文献
952.
Sofie Rousseau Miri Scharf Yael Smith 《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2018,15(4):378-394
Middle childhood is considered a sensitive phase for the development of both dependency and achievement-related problems. In order to target efficient prevention and treatment, it is necessary to identify unique associations with possible precursors. This study hypothesized that children’s dependency-related problems (i.e., separation anxiety and generalized anxiety) would uniquely relate to parental dependency-oriented psychological control and that children’s achievement-related problems (i.e., extrinsic motivation and maladaptive perfectionism) would uniquely relate to parental achievement-oriented psychological control. The study included 180 elementary school children. Results showed that higher levels of children’s separation anxiety uniquely related to more parental dependency-oriented psychological control, while higher levels of children’s extrinsic motivation uniquely related to more parental achievement-oriented psychological control. Contrary to the expectations, higher levels of children’s maladaptive perfectionism were associated with both dimensions of parental psychological control, and children’s generalized anxiety was not associated with any dimension. Study implications are discussed. 相似文献
953.
954.
Carlson EB Smith SR Palmieri PA Dalenberg C Ruzek JI Kimerling R Burling TA Spain DA 《心理评价》2011,23(2):463-477
Although information about individuals' exposure to highly stressful events such as traumatic stressors is often very useful for clinicians and researchers, available measures are too long and complex for use in many settings. The Trauma History Screen (THS) was developed to provide a very brief and easy-to-complete self-report measure of exposure to high magnitude stressor (HMS) events and of events associated with significant and persisting posttraumatic distress (PPD). The measure assesses the frequency of HMS and PPD events, and it provides detailed information about PPD events. Test-retest reliability was studied in four samples, and temporal stability was good to excellent for items and trauma types and excellent for overall HMS and PPD scores. Comprehensibility of items was supported by expert ratings of how well items appeared to be understood by participants with relatively low reading levels. In five samples, construct validity was supported by findings of strong convergent validity with a longer measure of trauma exposure and by correlations of HMS and PPD scores with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The psychometric properties of the THS appear to be comparable or better than longer and more complex measures of trauma exposure. 相似文献
955.
Jonathan A. Smith Caroline Dancyger Melissa Wallace Chris Jacobs Susan Michie 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(1):23-34
It is important to study communication processes in families where members are undergoing testing for genetic conditions because
the information received from such testing is crucial not just to the individual concerned but also to other members of the
biological family. This topic has received little research attention, in part because of the complexities of methodology required.
In this paper we present the development of a method specifically designed for the examination of the content and process
of communication of genetic information in families. The method aims to maximize ecological validity as far as is possible.
We describe how participants and other family members are recruited and how data were collected. We outline three main data
analytic strategies: a graphic to show how genetic information changes as it flows from clinic and through the family, an
intensive qualitative analysis of the meaning and impact of the genetic information to different family members, and an informative
genogram which plots key family dynamics. This method will be illustrated in relation to a study of ten family-groups where
one individual has been found to carry a genetic mutation predisposing them to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. 相似文献
956.
Psychosocial factors are increasingly recognized as risk indicators for coronary artery disease (CAD) prognosis and they are likely interrelated. The objective of this study is to simultaneously test the relationship between key psychosocial constructs as independent factor scores and recurrent events in CAD patients. There were 1268 CAD outpatients of 97 cardiologists surveyed at two points. Recurrent events or hospitalization in the intervening nine months were reported. Factor analysis of items from the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, the ENRICHD Social Support Inventory, and Hostile Attitudes Scale was performed to generate orthogonal factor scores. With adjustment for prognostic variables, logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between these factor scores and recurrent events. Factor analysis resulted in a six-factor solution: hostility, stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, support, and resilience. Logistic regression revealed that functional status and anxiety, with a trend for depressive symptoms, were related to experiencing a recurrent event. In this simultaneous test of psychosocial constructs hypothesized to relate to cardiac prognosis, anxiety may be a particularly hazardous psychosocial factor. While replication is warranted, efforts to investigate the potential benefits of screening and to investigate treatments are needed. 相似文献
957.
Smith JD Ashby FG Berg ME Murphy MS Spiering B Cook RG Grace RC 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2011,18(2):414-421
Recent theoretical and empirical developments in human category learning have differentiated an analytic, rule-based system of category learning from a nonanalytic system that integrates information across stimulus dimensions. In the present study, the researchers applied this theoretical distinction to pigeons' category learning. Pigeons learned to categorize stimuli varying in the tilt and width of their internal striping. The matched category problems had either a unidimensional (rule-based) or multidimensional (information-integration) solution. Whereas humans and nonhuman primates strongly dimensionalize these stimuli and learn rule-based tasks far more quickly than information-integration tasks, pigeons learned the two tasks equally quickly to the same accuracy level. Pigeons may represent a cognitive system in which the commitment to dimensional analysis and category rules was not strongly made. Their performance could suggest the character of the ancestral vertebrate categorization system from which that of primates emerged. 相似文献
958.
Repeated cycles of ethanol intoxication and withdrawal associated with dependence induce neuroadaptations in a variety of brain systems. Withdrawal-induced negative emotional states can be ameliorated by ethanol consumption; a learned process termed negative reinforcement. Accordingly, a dependence-induced phenotype is escalated ethanol self-administration. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes which degrade the extracellular matrix to allow for synaptic reorganization and plasticity. To test the hypothesis that an intact MMP system is required for animals to learn about the negative reinforcing effects of ethanol and display escalated self-administration during acute withdrawal when ethanol-dependent, male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer ethanol and then assigned to either acute or chronic MMP inhibition treatment groups. The chronic treatment group received intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusions of the broad spectrum MMP inhibitor FN-439 or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) via osmotic minipumps during a 1 month ethanol dependence induction period and subsequent post-dependence induction self-administration sessions that occurred during acute withdrawal. The acute treatment group only received ICV FN-439 or aCSF on the day of self-administration sessions following dependence induction during acute withdrawal. The results showed that inhibition of MMPs attenuated escalated ethanol self-administration following chronic and acute exposure conditions. Furthermore, once learning (i.e., plasticity) had occurred, MMP inhibition had no impact on escalated response patterns and animals previously subjected to MMP inhibition that did not escalate evidenced normal escalations in operant ethanol self-administration once FN-439 treatments were terminated. Thus, the present data identified that an intact MMP system is required for the escalated responding that occurs during acute withdrawal in dependent animals and implicate such escalation as a learned response. 相似文献
959.
Whether bullying in schools is increasing, as is widely believed, was investigated drawing upon empirical studies undertaken
in a wide range of countries in which findings had been published describing its prevalence at different points in time between
1990 and 2009. Results do not support the view that reported bullying in general has increased during this period; in fact,
a significant decrease in bullying has been reported in many countries. However, there are some indications that cyber bullying,
as opposed to traditional bullying, has increased, at least during some of this period. The reported decreases in the prevalence
of school bullying are consistent with reports of significant but small reductions in peer victimisation following the implementation
of anti-bullying programs in schools world-wide. 相似文献
960.
Patricia Obst Kerry Armstrong Simon Smith Tamara Banks 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2011,14(6):539-542
To assist road safety professionals in developing effective strategies to combat the risk associated with driving while fatigued, a survey was administered to 1000 Australian drivers. Participants reported their past behaviours in regards to driving while sleepy and their perceptions of risk associated with driving fatigued as compared to speeding and driving under the influence of alcohol. Although participants appeared to be aware of the substantial risk associated with driving while sleepy, many drivers reported that they frequently drive when sleepy. Age and gender comparisons, revealed that risk taking behaviour in regards to driving while sleepy is occurring across all age groups and in both male and female drivers. Overall young to middle age drivers and male drivers reported the highest frequency of driving while sleepy and reported the lowest perceived personal risk in regards to driving while sleepy. 相似文献