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101.
Most attempts to determine offence specialisms have not benefited from any formal psychological framework of behavioural differentiation. Bandura's framework (Social foundations of thought and action, 1986) of the fundamental incentives to human action offers an interesting perspective on what might underlie differential patterns of offending. The framework draws attention to the distinction between Material, Power/Status, and Sensory incentives, leading to the hypotheses that crimes which share any one of these incentives will be more likely to be committed by the same person, as revealed through high inter‐correlations, but be less highly correlated with crimes with different fundamental incentives. To test these hypotheses the correlations between 42 offending behaviours as self‐reported by 185 convicted young offenders were examined. A Multidimensional Scaling analysis of the inter‐correlations revealed three distinct styles of offending that could be related to Bandura's Material (Cronbach's α = 0.94), Power/Status (α = 0.90) and Sensory (α = 0.76) incentives. The identification of this psychological basis for the differentiation of criminal styles provides a model for considering offenders' patterns of specialisation which is of value both in clarifying the aetiology of different types of crime and in considering which crimes may be behaviourally equivalent when trying to link them to a common offender or infer offender characteristics from crime scene information. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
102.
Comments on the article by J. T. Jost, which argued that the end-of-ideology claims that emerged in the aftermath of World War II were both incorrect and detrimental to the field of political psychology. M. Glassman and D. Karno make three critical points. First, Jost objectified ideology as a grand strategy implemented at the individual level, rather than as an instrument used for a specific purpose in activity. In doing so, he set ideology up as an "object" that guides human behavior rather than as a rational part of human experience. Second, they take issue with the idea that, because somebody acts in a manner that can be categorized as ideological, there actually is such a thing as ideology separate from that event and/or political experience and that psychologists ought to understand the meaning of ideology in order to understand future human activities as outside observers. Third, Jost seems to see this objective ideology as a unidirectional, causal mechanism for activity, a mechanism that assumes individuals act according to ideology, which eclipses the possibility that immediate ideological positions are the residue of purposeful activity. Glassman and Karno suggest that it may be better to take a pluralistic view of ideology in human action. Where ideology does exist, it is as a purposeful instrument--part of a logically based action to meet some ends-in-view--a mixture of immediate goals tied to secondary belief systems (which have been integrated to serve the material purposes of the purveyors of these ideologies). So if we are to understand ideology, we can only understand it through its use in human activity. 相似文献
103.
This article examines parallel models of union joining and leaving using individual-level longitudinal panel data collected over a 5-year period. The authors utilized objective measures of joining and leaving collected from union and organizational records and took into account time by using event history analysis. The results indicated that union joining was negatively related to procedural justice and higher performance appraisals and positively related to partner socialization and extrinsic union instrumentality. Conversely, members were most likely to leave the union when they perceived lower procedural justice, where there was no union representative present in the workplace, and where they had individualistic orientations. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for theory and practice for trade unions. 相似文献
104.
The two main objectives of this research were to determine whether Type A cognitions are related to a broader range of symptoms
than has traditionally been studied and to determine possible mediating variables. Past research and theory suggest that Type
A individuals not only experience but also generate stress and interpersonal conflict (i.e., in keeping with a psychosocial
vulnerability model). This psychosocial vulnerability may put Type A individuals at greater risk of experiencing a wide array
of physical and psychological symptoms well beyond coronary heart disease (CHD), the health outcome typically investigated.
Stress, interpersonal and non-interpersonal in nature, and perceived social support, were explored as possible mediators in
the Type A cognition-symptoms relationship using structural equation modelling (SEM) in a university sample. Non-interpersonal
stress and interpersonal stress mediated both the Type A cognition-psychological symptoms relationship and the Type A cognition-physical
symptoms relationship. However, perceived social support only mediated the Type A cognition-psychological symptoms relationship.
Results indicate that Type A individuals may experience psychosocial vulnerability, particularly reporting stress, which may
put them at risk for the experience of negative health outcomes. Implications for cognitive therapy are discussed.
相似文献
Donna I. PickeringEmail: |
105.
106.
Alberto Maydeu-Olivares Uwe Kramp Carlos García-Forero David Gallardo-Pujol Donna Coffman 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(2):295-308
Despite a hundred years of questionnaire testing, no consensus has been reached on the optimal number of response alternatives
in rating scales. Differences in prior research may have been due to the use of various psychometric models (classical test
theory, item factor analysis, and item response theory) and different performance criteria (reliability, convergent/discriminant
validity, and internal structure of the questionnaire). Furthermore, previous empirical studies on this issue have tackled
the experimental design from a between-subjects perspective, thus ignoring intra-individual effects. In contrast with this
approach, we propose a within-subjects experimental design and a comprehensive statistical methodology using structural equation
models for studying all of these aspects simultaneously, therefore increasing statistical power. To illustrate the method,
two personality questionnaires were examined using a repeated measures design. Results indicated that as the number of response
alternatives increased, (1) internal consistency increased, (2) there was no effect on convergent validity, and (3) goodness
of fit worsened. Finally, the article assesses the practical consequences of this research for the design of future personality
questionnaires. 相似文献
107.
Lynnda M Dahlquist Jennifer Shroff Pendley Donna S Landthrip Cheri L Jones C Philip Steuber 《Health psychology》2002,21(1):94-99
This study evaluated a distraction intervention designed to reduce the distress of preschool children undergoing repeated chemotherapy injections. Twenty-nine children aged 2-5 years were randomly assigned either to distraction by a developmentally appropriate electronic toy or to a wait-list control. Children who received the distraction intervention demonstrated lower overt behavioral distress and were rated by parents and nurses as less anxious than children in the control condition. The improvements were maintained over the 8-week intervention. The results suggest that a developmentally appropriate, multisensory, variable-distracting activity that requires active cognitive processing and active motor responses may be a viable cost-effective alternative to more time-intensive parent-training programs for preschool-age children. 相似文献
108.
Coping strategies endorsed by adolescents in dealing with a potential threat to their health were assessed in a study which investigated components of protection motivation theory. Year 9 and 10 high school students were presented with information about cardiovascular disease risk and the role of exercise in maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness. Three components specified by the theory were manipulated: response efficacy (effectiveness of exercise in preventing cardiovascular disease), response costs (costs associated with taking up a regular program of exercise) and self-efficacy (belief in ability to carry out a program of exercise) in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two levels (high vs. low) of each variable. It was hypothesized that such information would affect participants' perceptions of response efficacy, response costs, self-efficacy, and their selection of coping strategies. Six dependent variables were investigated: two adaptive coping strategies (behavioral intention to exercise, rational problem solving) and four maladaptive strategies (avoidance, wishful thinking, hopelessness, arid fatalism). Manipulation checks found significant differences between the high and low conditions of each independent variable. Adaptive strategies were strongly endorsed, whereas endorsement of the maladaptive strategies ranged from minimal to complete disagreement. Participants in the high self-efficacy condition indicated stronger intentions to exercise. Students in the low response efficacy condition demonstrated more endorsement of hopelessness and fatalism than did students in the high response efficacy condition. When exercising status was included as a fourth independent variable, it was found that active adolescents endorsed the adaptive coping strategies more strongly than did inactive adolescents. The cognitive coping strategies adopted by adolescents when dealing with perceived threats to their health may be influenced by information on the efficacy of relevant behavior, by perceptions of their ability to perform such behavior, and by their actual involvement with the behavior of concern. 相似文献
109.
James Jaccard Donald W. Helbig Timothy B. Gage Choi K. Wan Donna C. Kritz-Silverstein Marjorie A. Gutman 《Journal of applied social psychology》1995,25(20):1765-1789
This study was an investigation of contraceptive switching in the context of a 5-wave panel design of diaphragm and pill users from the New York City metropolitan area. The respondents were 525 women between the ages of 14 and 46, who came to one of 10 family planning clinics to obtain birth control, Results indicated a hazard function for switching in which the hazard rate increased in the initial weeks and then gradually declined over time. Clinic experiences on the part of the women were found to alter survivorship trends. Implications of the data for service providers were developed. 相似文献
110.
Jeff Sigafoos Ph.D. Donna Couzens Dip.T. Donna Pennell B.Ed. Diane Shaw B.Ed. Greg Dudfield M.Ed.St. 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1995,5(3):295-317
Two experiments were conducted to assess discrimination of picture requests for missing items among young children with developmental disabilities. In Experiment 1, three children were first taught to request one object when it was missing from a set of two related leisure items. In Experiment 2, two children were taught to request one object belonging to a set of three leisure items. In both studies the requesting response consisted of pointing to a photograph of the missing item. After acquisition of the initial request, discrimination of picture requests was assessed when the second item (Experiment 1) and second or third item (Experiment 2) was missing. Requests for the untrained items emerged in the presence of natural maintaining contingencies and in the absence of instructional prompts for all but the third child in Experiment 1. This child required continued intervention on the initial request. The results suggest that for some children a sequence of intervention and the programming of natural maintaining contingencies may prove effective in promoting the discrimination of picture requests for missing items among young children with developmental disabilities. 相似文献