A review of the evidence on the relationship between gender and adolescents' involvement in violent behavior

Adolescents' involvement in violence is a public health concern worldwide, with male adolescents more likely than female adolescents to be involved. A review of the literature published between 1990 and 2011 was conducted to examine the risk and protective factors associated with gender and adolescents' involvement in violent behavior. While research suggests there is an association between gender and involvement in violent behavior, the strength of this association appears to be mediated by gender relationships with other risk and protective factors. Moreover, these relationships appear to vary amongst different communities. Prior to the development and implementation of violence prevention strategies, consideration should be given to collecting longitudinal data specific to the target community. These data would guide the development of effective prevention strategies to ensure they address local needs, influences, and associations between gender and other risk and protective factors.     

9 Suicide in San Francisco,CA: A Comparison of Caucasian and Asian Groups, 1987–1994

Completed suicides in the city of San Francisco, California, were examined across all ages in the racial groups of Caucasians (n = 798) and Asians (n = 124) from 1987 to 1994. A comparison of Caucasians and Asians showed that there were differences between them in their rates across all age groups. The major findings are: (1) Caucasians predominately used gunshot to complete suicide whereas Asians predominately used hanging to complete suicide, (2) Asian women over the age of 85 have the highest rates across both groups and genders, (3) Asians, as compared to Caucasians, used fewer drugs and alcohol at time of death. Theoretical connections between differences in suicide and definition of the self, as influenced by culture, are discussed.     

Effects of collimation on perceived layout in 3-D scenes.

The effect of varying information for overall depth in a simulated 3-D scene on the perceived layout of objects in the scene was investigated in two experiments. Subjects were presented with displays simulating textured surfaces receded in depth. Pairs of markers were positioned at equal intervals within the scenes. The subject's task was to judge the depth between the intervals. Overall scene depth was varied by viewing through either a collimating lens or a glass disk. Judged depth for equal depth intervals decreased with increasing distance of the interval from the front of the scene. Judged depth was greater for collimated than for non-collimated viewing. Interestingly, collimated viewing resulted in a uniform rescaling of the perceived depth intervals.     

Correlations Between Handshape and Movement in Sign Languages

Sign language phonological parameters are somewhat analogous to phonemes in spoken language. Unlike phonemes, however, there is little linguistic literature arguing that these parameters interact at the sublexical level. This situation raises the question of whether such interaction in spoken language phonology is an artifact of the modality or whether sign language phonology has not been approached in a way that allows one to recognize sublexical parameter interaction. We present three studies in favor of the latter alternative: a shape-drawing study with deaf signers from six countries, an online dictionary study of American Sign Language, and a study of selected lexical items across 34 sign languages. These studies show that, once iconicity is considered, handshape and movement parameters interact at the sublexical level. Thus, consideration of iconicity makes transparent similarities in grammar across both modalities, allowing us to maintain certain key findings of phonological theory as evidence of cognitive architecture.     

THE WRITTEN LANGUAGE BEHAVIOR OF TWO SOCIO‐ECONOMIC GROUPS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Written language knowledge that lower SES children have acquired from their environment before formal instruction was investigated. Complete data were collected from four and five year old children enrolled in a headstart program. Data concerning each child's knowledge of written language were individually collected through the use of interview techniques as well as informal and standardized assessments including: Book Handling Knowledge (Goodman, 1981), Sand Test (Clay, 1976), Preschool Children's Concept of Reading (Goodman, 1981) and Preschool Children's Concept of Writing (Goodman, 1981).

The results were compared with the results from an earlier study (Robeck & Wiseman, in press) conducted with a middle SES group of children enrolled in a day care center. Demon strated behaviors indicated that the two groups of preschool children were acquiring reading and writing knowledge. The children from the headstart group were learning the same things as the children from the private day care center, however there were differences between the two groups of children in the range and number of behaviors observed. The study suggests that children from not only different socio‐economic groups but children from the same socio‐economic group enter school with wide differences in their written language knowledge.     

Increased chronic stress predicts greater emotional negativity bias and poorer social skills but not cognitive functioning in healthy adults

Background and Objectives: Chronically stressed individuals report deficits spanning cognitive and emotional functioning. However, limitations to clinical populations and measures of stress have impeded the generalisability and scope of results. This study investigated whether chronic stress predicted cognitive and emotional functioning, and whether these relationships differed between males and females, in a large representative sample of healthy participants.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Method: 1883 healthy adults sampled from the Brain Resource International Database reported stress using the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Participants then completed a cognitive and emotional assessment battery (IntegNeuro), as well as questionnaires related to sleep, emotional functioning, and self-regulation.

Results: In contrast to previously reported results, chronic stress did not predict cognitive functioning. However, higher stress predicted a greater negativity bias and poorer social skills, confirming previous research identifying these links.

Conclusions: Cognitive deficits related to stress are absent in healthy participants when stress is measured using the 21-items Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Identifying how chronic stress is associated with aspects of emotional functioning can lead to personalized interventions for individuals to better manage the negative outcomes resulting from stress.