Is subordinate's loyalty a precondition of supervisor's benevolent leadership? The moderating effects of supervisor's altruistic personality and perceived organizational support

Based on Cheng's differential leadership theory, we investigated the relationship between a subordinate's loyalty to a supervisor (SLS) and the supervisor's benevolent leadership in Chinese organizations. We also explored two moderators of this relationship, the supervisor's altruistic personality and perceived organizational support (POS). Using survey research, we collected data from supervisor‐subordinate dyads in Taiwan and made 167 valid observations. The results showed that SLS positively relates to the supervisor's benevolent behaviours; however, this relationship is diminished by the supervisor's altruistic personality and POS. That is, when the supervisor has a high level of altruistic personality or POS, the association of SLS with the supervisor's benevolent leadership is weaker.     

基于Flanker、Stroop和Simon多重冲突驱动的认知控制机制

认知控制是维持和调整多任务目标导向的加工策略,而基于多任务冲突的认知控制是一般领域上还是特定领域上,即一种冲突是否会影响另一种冲突的解决,已有研究并没有得到统一的结论。本研究运用事件相关电位（ERP）方法考察了同一任务中不同类型冲突（Stroop、Simon和Flanker冲突）驱动认知控制调节的脑机制。数据显示：各冲突都出现了一致性效应和冲突适应性效应;实验中每种冲突的上一个trial只与该类冲突的当前trial的交互效应显著,而与其他类型冲突的当前trial的交互效应不显著;几乎所有冲突都发现了P300、N450、SP成分一致性效应。结果表明：在不同类型冲突驱动条件下,人脑能够同时监控并解决不同类型的冲突;冲突驱动的认知控制系统以局部的控制方式工作;人脑是基于多冲突驱动的认知控制系统的灵活性和某类型冲突所特有的控制机制来解决冲突,且冲突解决机制是相互独立、互不干扰的。     

60年代以后苏联心理学对自我意识问题的研究述略

本文概要介绍了60年代以后,特别是80年代以来苏联心理学对自我意识的研究。这些研究主要有四个方面:1.自我意识的实质、地位和发展因素;2.自我意识的结构;3.自我意识的发生;4.对西方自我意识研究的态度。作者认为,苏联心理学对自我意识的研究始终坚持了唯物主义传统;苏联对自我意识的研究70年代以后达到一个新的水平,但仍有很多问题没解决;苏联心理学者近期十分注意西方学者对自我意识的研究,但在研究的广度、实验技术和已积累的资料等方面,距西方仍有一定距离。     

儿童推断他人知识状态的知识偏差和无知偏差

采用“看见-知道”任务考察了儿童对他人知识状态推断的特点和可能存在的偏差效应。被试为90名3-5岁儿童。结果表明,3-5岁儿童已经理解他人看见即知道的关系;5岁儿童已经能准确地推断他人的知识状态,不存在偏差;但3、4岁儿童对他人知识状态的推断受到自身知识的影响且表现出自我中心的倾向：既存在知识偏差即因为自己知道而高估他人的知识,也存在无知偏差即因为自己的无知而低估他人的知识。4岁儿童的知识偏差程度与3岁儿童无异,但无知偏差低于3岁儿童,且4岁儿童的知识偏差程度大于其无知偏差,儿童克服无知偏差的时间可能早于克服知识偏差的时间。     

复杂性科学研究中的两个哲学问题思考

复杂性科学研究,在科学方法和应用研究方面已取得不容置疑的进展。然而,科学研究并未因此而进入“澄明”之境。科学界倒是出现了“从复杂性到困惑”这样的情绪。[1]如果说“超越还原论”的革命口号曾让我们激动,科学社会的荣誉动机和批判意向已被牵发,那么我们就应该尝试走出“困惑”。本文拟就复杂性科学研究中的两个哲学问题进行初步思考,以期能抛砖引玉。一整体与部分关系问题作为一对基本哲学范畴,整体与部分的关系是近代以来科学分析方法和现代系统科学方法共同的、最重要的本体论基础。“整体等于部分和”是分析方法的哲学基石。[2]然…     

生态园林与城市建设——以淮安市的城市建设为例

生态园林不同于传统的园林,而是一种现代园林,它重视因地制宜,关注城市与自然的谐和,是大众共享的而不是小众独享的,它不一定具有普适性,其意义只在于提醒人们,在现在城市的建设中,不能只讲技术,从而使千城一律,而应因地制宜,拯救(自然与文化的)差异,使建筑更适宜人"去居住".     

Association of polymorphisms in BDNF, MTHFR, and genes involved in the dopaminergic pathway with memory in a healthy Chinese population

The contribution of genetic factors to the memory is widely acknowledged. Research suggests that these factors include genes involved in the dopaminergic pathway, as well as the genes for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). The activity of the products of these genes is affected by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the genes. This study investigates the association between memory and SNPs in genes involved in the dopaminergic pathway, as well as in the BDNF and MTHFR genes, in a sample of healthy individuals. The sample includes 134 Taiwanese undergraduate volunteers of similar cognitive ability. The Chinese versions of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) were employed. Our findings indicate that the BDNF Met66Val polymorphism and dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) Ser9Gly polymorphism are associated significantly with long-term auditory memory. Further analysis detects no significant associations in the other polymorphisms and indices. Future replicated studies with larger sample sizes, and studies that consider different ethnic groups, are encouraged.     

Goal Commitment Buffers the Negative Effects of Perceived Abusive Supervision

Abstract

The effects of abusive supervision may be more intricate than what reason would suggest. To examine why individuals may respond differently to perceptions of supervisor abusive, this study relies on goal-setting theory to present a model that accounts for the influence of abusive supervision on job performance and organizational deviance. To be precise, motivation control and self-defeating cognition are proposed to mediate the interaction of perceived abusive supervision with goal commitment in predicting organizational deviance and job performance. In particular, the extent to which goal commitment alleviates the deleterious effects of abusive supervision is examined such that when goal commitment is high, the indirect effects of perceived abusive supervision on job performance and organizational deviance via motivation control and self-defeating cognition were predicted to be weaker. The proposed model was supported by multisource and multiwave data. The understanding of when the deleterious effects of supervisor abuse as perceived by followers are likely might help the human resource personnel to adopt measures that buffer against such outcomes.     

高层管理者的心智模式研究

高层管理者的心智模式对企业经营及绩效有着非常重要的影响.本文首先对不同学派关于心智模式的定义进行了简要的回顾,在此基础上,对高层管理者心智模式的内涵进行了界定.其次,从知识的视角,进一步把高层管理者心智模式的构成要素分为知识体系、信念体系和改善体系等三类.最后,从企业决策、企业文化与管理风格、组织设计、战略决策等四个方面阐述了高层管理者心智模式对企业管理活动的影响.