Maternal supplementation of nucleotides improves the behavioral development of prenatal ethanol-exposed mice

Maternal ethanol consumption during pregnancy can induce learning deficits in the offspring. The objective of this study was to assess whether supplementation of exogenous nucleotides during pregnancy and lactation would ameliorate prenatal ethanol-induced learning and memory deficits in the offspring of mice, and to explore the possible mechanisms. In the present study, pregnant C57BL/6J mice were exposed to ethanol (5 g/kg body weight) intragastrically from gestational day (GD) 6 to GD15. The dams in exogenous nucleotide intervention groups were fed with feed containing 0.01 %, 0.04 %, or 0.16 % nucleotide powder, with control and ethanol groups receiving normal feed. The dams were allowed to deliver naturally and to breast feed their offspring. After weaning, behavioral tests were carried out in the offspring of each group. Serum oxidation indexes were analyzed, and the hippocampus of each offspring was collected and detected for acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity and the expression of p-CREB, CREB, and BDNF. The results showed that maternal supplementation with exogenous nucleotides during pregnancy could ameliorate prenatal ethanol-induced learning and memory deficits in the offspring of mice, through improving their antioxidant capacity, reversing hippocampus AChE levels, and allowing the expression of some proteins related to learning and memory. However, different sensitivities were found between the two sexes.     

Foot Motion Character During Forward and Backward Walking With Shoes and Barefoot

Abstract

Backward walking (BW) has been extensively used in athletic training and orthopedic rehabilitation as it may have value for enhancing balance. This study identified the differences in foot intersegment kinematics (forward walking (FW) vs. time-reversed BW) and plantar pressure parameters of 16 healthy habitually shod individuals walking FW and BW using flexible shoes (SH) and under barefoot conditions (BF). BW was found to have shorter stride length (SL) and higher stride frequency (SF) under BF conditions compared with SH, which indicates a better BW gait stability under BF conditions. Decreased HX/FF dorsiflexion at HO in BW induces less plantar aponeurosis tension which may inhibit the windlass mechanism compared to FW walking. Increased forefoot relative to hindfoot (FF/HF) pronation and sequentially hindfoot relative to tibia (HF/TB) eversion combined with medially distributed plantar pressure and a higher plantar contact area in the medial side in BW–BF maybe beneficial in maintaining balance. These results indicate that BW training may be more reliable under BF conditions compared to the SH conditions based on greater sensory information feedback from the plantar area resulting in better biomechanical behavior.     

陕甘宁边区劳模运动的政治分析

抗日战争时期,陕甘宁边区为了解决严重的经济困难,采取了很多方法,诸种方法中影响较大且别具特色的是劳模运动.劳模运动的基本目的是为边区政权的存续提供经济支持,其得以开展的必要条件是政治推动.劳模运动还寄托了远大的政治期待,其发展方向是组织起来,其政治追求是平等和合法性.陕甘宁边区开展劳模运动的做法是建国后通过政治典型进行政治动员的肇端.总结这场运动的经验教训至今仍有较强的现实意义.     

顾炎武与清代学术之转向

本文对清初至乾嘉时期的学术走向进行了重新考察,试图表明明清之际的学术实质一直存在着学术以为道这一本原性价值追求与以博文为形式的单纯为学之间的内在紧张.作者首先对明末清初学术之大势进行了概要性叙述,对梁启超关于顾炎武为清学开山之说提出了商榷意见,认为乾嘉汉学实不足以承续顾氏的学术精神,推顾氏为清学开山,也未足以推崇顾氏.文字训诂名物典制的考证之学,本质上是疏离于甚至逸出于明道的学术传统的,不仅未能上接顾氏学术的根本义旨,而且也为戴震学术的某种质变形式.而宋学的重新张扬与今文学派的重登舞台,在思想史的意义上,则表明学术以明道这一本原性价值取向在现实性上的重新挺立,所以将汉宋之争以及今古文之争仅视为门户之争并不恰当,是忽略了其思想史意义的.宋学与今文学的合流,既导致以考证为特征的汉学衰微,也使明道再次成为学术主题,并由此而转向于社会现实的激烈批判,中国学术正由此而进入于近代.     

Examining Cultural,Ethnic, and Religious Differences with the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness and Spirituality in the U.S. and India

Journal of Religion and Health - The Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS) is regularly used to measure spirituality and religiosity in U.S. Christian populations,...     

Convergent/Divergent Validity of the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality: Empirical Support for Emotional Connectedness as a “Spiritual” Construct

The objective of this article is to determine the convergent/divergent validity of the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS; Fetzer Institute & National Institute on Aging Working Group 1999) subscales by correlating it with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) Self-Transcendence subscales (i.e., Mysticism, Transpersonal Identification, Self-Forgetfulness; Cloninger et al. 1994). The cross-sectional analysis of 97 undergraduate/graduate students from a Midwestern university was made. The results are (1) all five BMMRS spirituality subscales were significantly correlated with the TCI Mysticism scale; (2) two BMMRS scales (i.e., Daily Spiritual Experiences, Values/Beliefs) were significantly correlated with the TCI Transpersonal Identification scales; (3) no BMMRS spiritual subscales were significantly correlated with the TCI Self-Forgetfulness scale; and (4) of the BMMRS religion scales, only the Organizational Religiousness subscale was correlated with any TCI subscale (i.e., Mysticism). The BMMRS appears to have adequate convergent/divergent validity, although the need exists to determine specific dimensions of spirituality. Inspection of the specific items of the BMMRS and TCI spiritual subscales that were most consistently correlated (i.e., BMMRS Daily Spiritual Experiences, Values/Beliefs; TCI Mysticism, Transpersonal Identification) suggests the existence of a distinct spiritual construct that is best conceptualized as the experience of emotional connectedness to the divine, nature, and/or others.